PART - II

Geology - Paper II

PART - II

Important questions for CSS interview

Q. You are an engineer why CSS.
Q Why civil servants indulge in Luxuries?
Q. Any other country with the same record?
Q. Can punishment be given during or before impeachment?
Q. Do you think media is the fourth pillar of State?
Q. How it is done?
Q. Is it a process or a Penalty?
Q. Should Pakistan restore NATO supply Lines?
Q. Tell me about the historical importance of Eiffel tower?
Q. What are the functions of DMG?
Q. What are the sources of Muslim Law?
Q. What are the water disputes between India and Pakistan?
Q. What are they famous for?
Q. What in your opinion is the role of Intelligence Agencies?
Q. What in your opinion will be the final result of Memo Scandal?
Q. What is Continental Shelf?
Q. What is meant by Impeachment?
Q. What is Media Trial?
Q. What is Memo case. In your opinion is it true or not?
Q. What is your opinion about Madressahs?
Q. What is your opinion about the role of religion in state?
Q. Where are the grand canyons located? (Geography)
Q. Which country has the bad track record of journalists killing?
Q. Who is the Authority to control media?
Q. Why people of Pakistan are inclined towards moral degradation?
Q. What is the reason of growing extremism in the people of Pakistan?
Q.FATA and What is FCR?
Q.How media can be controlled?
Q: 1973 administrative reforms.
Q: Aboriginal where?





Important questions for PMS interview

Q: Affect of advertising on public.
Q: Agriculture universities in Pakistan
Q: Aligarh Movement.
Q: Are talks the solution to taliban issue?
Q: aren’t you giving validation to his earlier remarks about ISI and Military?
Q: Artic ocean
Q: Article 6 , How amended?
Q: Avalaunch?
Q: Baba Guru Nanak?
Q: Baluchistan Issue.
Q: Being an Engineer, what inspires you towards CSS?
Q: Bhagat Singh?
Q: Brief description of your district.
Q: British and France Channel
Q: Burmuda Triangle
Q: Can we ask for a better role from the Madrassas?
Q: Carribean Sea?
Q: Chief organ of UNO
Q: Constraints in the revival of economy.
Q: Crime prevention and crime occurrence relationship
Q: Crisis in Ireland and Greece?
Q: Deserts of the world
Q: Devolution in Education?
Q: Difference between Embargo and Sanction.
Q: Difference between Embassy and High Comission?
Q: DNA Test?
Q: Do you think Iran can withstand the pressure of west?
Q: Don’t you think Iran should take some reconciliatory measures to decrease the tension?
Q: Don't you think Talibans were knocking at Islamabad's door when Pakistan decided to join war on terror?
Q: Earth quake magnitude in Bangla Desh?
Q: Econmy of Turkey , how they achieved it.
Q: Education policy, its flaws and challenges
Q: Effects of deforestation
Q: Egypt Situation
Q: Eurozone, how will collapse ?
Q: Food Insecurity in Pakistan?
Q: Four famous journalists of Pakistan after emergence of Pakistan.
Q: Gawantanomabay Prison?
Q: Good Public policy
Q: Hamas and Al Fatah?
Q: Has media commercialized.
Q: Hindu freedom fighter Ram Muhammad Singh, when and where executed
Q: How Can we solve Kashmir Issue



Important questions for PPSC interview

Q: How many Ministeries devolved to Provinces.
Q: How many Hospitals in Pakistan?
Q: How many numbers of states in UAE.
Q: How many people were killed in WWI and WWII.
Q: How many tax payers are in Pakistan
Q: How to amend constitution.
Q: How to change Thana Culture?
Q: How to empower a bench for speedy justice.
Q: how to ensure the sovereignty of Pakistan?
Q: How to revive Railways/PIA and Telecom?
Q: how would you really cope with the criminals? would you shoot them?
Q: HQ of amnesty international
Q: IAEA Functions?
Q: Importance of Mayanmar and why there official visit?
Q: Important Straits
Q: Imran khan
Q: In Foreign office how will you build soft image?
Q: Indo Pakistan Buildings
Q: Investigative journalism?
Q: Iran Impact on world?
Q: Is it justified to give money to Somalian pirates.
Q: Jhansi ki rani
Q: Khashwant Singh and Kaldip Nayyar
Q: Korea Strait?
Q: Land of midnight sun
Q: Land of rising Sun
Q: Largest Fort in Asia.?
Q: Largest Opium producer
Q: Local govt system problems.
Q: Mangla Dam and Tarballa Dam capacity?
Q: Market leader in Pakistan.
Q: Missing Persons
Q: Mountain ranges
Q: NATO supply lines issue.
Q: NEPRA, PEPRA, PEMRA, SECP, ECC
Q: NICL and Hajj Scam?
Q: No of MNAs and MPAs from your district?
Q: Overseas Pakistanis, How illegal immigration can be controlled.
Q: Pak Afghan Relation
Q: PMA Attack ?
Q: Poles Temprature.
Q: Police order 2002 and 1861.
Q: Post independence famous Journalist?
Q: Poverty rate in Pakistan
Q: Pro Active policy
Q: Public Private partnership and its benefits.
Q: Red Passport for what purpose?
Q: Reshmi Romal Movement.
Q: Resources of Baluchistan.?
Q: Role of Agriculture in economy
Q: Role of CIA in Pakistan?
Q: Russia and US relations.
Q: salient features of 1935 Act.
Q: Saline water purification methods?
Q: SCADA



Important questions for FPSC interview

 Q: School system of Pakistan.
Q: SECP: The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) is an autonomous body whose purpose is to develop a modern and efficient corporate sector and a capital market based on sound regulatory principles, in order to foster economic growth and prosperity in Pakistan.
Q: Seismic zones of Pakistan
Q: Should new provinces be formed?
Q: Should strength of Ladies be increased in NA ?
Q: Significance of 19th amendment
Q: South China Sea dispute?
Q: Steps for reforms in Police
Q: Strait of Hormuz Blockade
Q: Success of govt lafafa culture?
Q: Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi and shar shah suri. How ghaznavi better?
Q: Taiwan Strait?
Q: Taliban current status in Afghanistan, why US is negotiating?
Q: TAPI Details
Q: the tribal chiefs and politicians would try to influence you. what would u do?
Q: Transformer?
Q: UN , its purpose, formed , bodies?
Q: US Ambassador in Pakistan?
Q: Were the polices of Akbar e Azam good or bad?
Q: What are gains and losses to become a front line state?
Q: what are national interest? how are these projected
Q: what are reasons of disqualification of 28 lageslators?
Q: What are the reasons of internal brain drain.
Q: What can we do to stop American Dictation?
Q: what difference would u create?
Q: what do you think about BISP.
Q: What is amnesty international and its working?
Q: What is black economy.
Q: what is bonafied and malafied.
Q: What is climate change.
Q: What is community policing?
Q: What is current account?
Q: What is Defamation.
Q: what is Freelance Journalist.
Q: What is GDP growth rate?
Q: What is going on in Somalia
Q: what is Green Economy?
Q: What is HIV?
Q: What is Mayanmar Issue.
Q: what is money laundering.
Q: What is News of the world?
Q: What is NPT.
Q: what is Occupy Wall street movement?
Q: what is PPRA?
Q: What is provincial autonomy?
Q: What is public interest and how policy is formed.?
Q: What is Qatar Situation?
Q: What is scoop
Q: What is sensationalisation?
Q: What is slander and Libel.
Q: What is START-I(1991) AND START-II(1993).
Q: What is strait of Hormuz and what is its importance.
Q: What is structure of Parliament.
Q: What is the process to select a senator?
Q: What is the purpose of World Economic Forum
Q: What steps are required for woman empowerment?
Q: What was Lucknow pact, Nehru report and basic purpose of Nehru report?
Q: What was objective resolution?

Interview Questions 

Sample Interview Questions for Preparation Q: When QA became first time president of ML.
Q: When UAE came into existence.
Q: Where OBL was buried
Q: which continent is Island?
Q: Who is Indian writer , writing for DAWN.
Q: Who is Robert Fifk?
Q: who makes monetary and Fiscal policies?
Q: Who was Bi Amman?
Q: Why Akbar Was successful?
Q: Why are IMF policies bad?
Q: Why are young officers indulging in corruption?
Q: Why barriers on export of Pk in Europe.
Q: Why dollar is getting up and down?
Q: Why FIA deals with white collar crimes.
Q: Why QA separated from Cabinet Mission?
Q: Why the US does not respect our sovereignty?
Q: Why there was nuclear power plant issue?
Q: Women empowerment according to Haqooq e Naswan
Q: women political empowerment ?
Q: World concern on PK nukes.
Q: World over largest telecom service provider.
Q: Judicial Activism, Is it true or false?
Q: Nuclear Proliferation?
Q: What is Flight of Capital
Q: Angel fall in Venzuella, Guaira fall in Brazil and Pargue from flow of water.
Q: what is difference between Public Administration and public Management? (My optional)
Q: what is Pakistan's budget defect? Allocations?
Q: What is the black hole of Calcutta.
Q:18th Amendment role in provincial autonomy.
Q:A doctor from Islamabad whose name has been recently entered into
Q:Abt previous jobs?
Q:Aman ki asha Trak 2 diplomacy
Q:Are we supposed to cooperate with the US on the NATO issue?
Q:ATT: Afghan transit trade
Q:Big Bang Theory?
Q:Branches of Police?
Q:censorship
Q:Christina lamb and another journalist.
Q:Climber who climbed seven peaks
Q:Cognizable and Non cognizable offenses
QDifference between WEF and WSF.
QDMG Structure?
QDo you think Pakistan's nuclear assets are in safe hands? (A report came yesterday about it so that's why he asked this question)
Q:East China sea, its sea ports and importance?
Q:effects of depreciation of currency?
Q:Effects of glacier melting?
Q:EU and Its members
Q:Euro Debt Crisis.
Q:Factors behind Coalition Governmet?
Q:FMCT: The Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT) is a proposed international treaty to prohibit the further production of fissilematerial for nuclear weapons or other explosive devices
Q:Ghadar Movement
Q:GPS
Q:He asked arab happenigs..
Q:He asked embeded jounalism.
Q:HE asked recent in palestine.
Q:Heirichery of revenue collection system?
Q:How can corruption be eradicated?
Q:How drug use can be controlled in students
Q:How long?
Q:How many Martial Laws in Pakistan?
Q:How many plates and faults?
Q:How many sea ports in Pakistan and where. How much handling of Karachi sea port.
Q:How much are should be under forest?
Q:How Russia is emerging?
Q:How to improve it?
Q:how to tell them to respect our sovereignty?
Q:if president has immunity then y shud he go to court?
Q:Importance of Mohmand Agency
Q:Imran Khan, his popularity,his slogan of change, old faces.
Q:Iran-china-US triangle?

INTERVIEW MCQS QUESTIONS

Q:Israel, Palestine, Jordan current scenario?
Q:Jallian wala Bagh ?
Q:Mathematician who participated in PK movement
Q:Members of Arab League?
Q:Mengna Carta?
Q:Methods to make black money white.
Q:MFN status, is it good or bad?
Q:Micro Financing
Q:Mir Jaffar , Mir Sadiq
Q:mobile user density of pak.
Q:Most controversial point in 18th amendment
Q:Name of OBL Operation
Q:Norway day and night length
Q:NSG?
Q:Number of seats in NA,senate
Q:Ombudsman whether working properly or not?
Q:OPEC.
Q:Pakistan's nuclear programme?
Q:Preemption method?
Q:Prime duties of Policeman
Q:Proactive Policing?
Q:Rabi and Khareef.
Q:Reason of fire in Murree forest?
Q:Recent arbitration of India
Q:Rescent visit of Angella Mercle
Q:Role of Turkey in current international scenario?
Q:Rowlatt Act 1919?
Q:Should we recognize Israel or not.
Q:Status of women in pakistan?
Q:Strait of Florida
Q:Strait of Malaca joins which two oceans?
Q:Strait of Malacca.
Q:Trade surplus and Trade deficit?
Q:Transparency international report.
Q:Types of crimes in society
Q:War of independence leading Muslim Leady?
Q:Water Gate Scandle?
Q:what are Dry Ports?
Q:what are the areas of convergence and divergence of interests between us and the U.S.
Q:What are the major challenges to energy supply and what are its short term and long term strategies.
Q:What do you think about the governance of the present government?
Q:What has pakistan got and lost in this regard? discussion of couple of minutes.
Q:what is AM and PM
Q:What is biometric technology
Q:What is currency devaluation?
Q:What is difference between Jurisprudence and Law
Q:What is Money Laundering?
Q:What is NATO?
Q:what is Propaganda?
Q:What is red channel and Green Channel?
Q:what is tabloid



CSS PMS Interviews Solution 

 Q:What is women protection Bill.
Q:What is women role in increasing education.
Q:What reforms should be done in UN.
Q:what should we expect from you?
Q:What were SEATO and CENTO, First 10 years of policy
Q:What were the expectations of people from the government?
Q:Where is Antartic Ocean. Which oceans meet it.
Q:Where ML was established.
Q:Which constitution was used before 1973.
Q:Which Indian Minister recently refused to appear before the court?
Q:Who is unna Hazaray?
Q:Who makes Foreign Policy?
Q:Who was Bob Wood Ward
Q:Who were Ali Brothers?
Q:Why bureaucracy is politicized ?
Q:Why do bureaucrats become corrupt?
Q:Why do bureaucrats become politicized?
Q:Why IMF demands currenc devalue.
Q:Why people are moving towards cities.
Q:Why police harsh to the people, how will you improve the behavior?
Q:Will Taliban phenomenon end after American withdrawal?
Q:Won't it put Kashmir issue on back foot?
Q:wot happened btwn turkey n france?
Q:wot would happen if NRO is not solved?
Q:wots da assurity that i will not become corrupt.
Q:wots happening in syria,
Q:WTO Concession to Pakistan
Q:y css is prestigious.
Q:y i have gone for CSS so late after completing my education?
Q:y public policies are not implemented properly?
Q; Largest Water-fall by height
Can FIR be Oral or Written?
Compare Gwadar with Dubai – which is better
Difference between Decentralization & Devolution?
Does PM Gillani have immunity?
Duties of Customs Officer?
Duties of DMG Officer?
Economic Feasibility & Financial Feasibility
ECSC Stands for???
Educational Reforms?
Explain CSP to DMG trandformation
Flood Comparison 2010-2011
How many countries are in EU?
How many registers in Thana?
How many time zone America has?
How to check Public Procurement?
How to handle wrongdoers in Bureaucracy?
How will you do conflict resolution in Baluchistan?
In which Ghazwa Women Participated?IRS Structure
LBOD & RBOD
Livestock
Multan Airport renamed?Pakistan Economic ProfilePalestine & Middle East situation?
PIA & Railways – Problem & Solution?
Reforms in Police?
Revenue collection system structure
Slala Attack?
Talks in Doha & Medina
UN – When made – Reason for making?
Watergate scandal
What are effects of devolution in Education?
What are the problems Pakistan is facing today?
What are the selection criteria in National Assembly?
What are your views about Difa-i-Pakistan Council?
What are your views about Public Private Partnership?
What improvement should be done in Disaster management?
What is ‘News of the world’ scandal?
What is agriculture growth rate?
What is basic functioning of Thana?
What is Biometric Scanning?
What is CCP & PPRA?
What is chamber of commerce?
What is Cricket Scandal?
What is Criminology?
What is Gift?


All Questions for Interviews 
What is immigration office?
What is Law? What is philosophy of Law?
What is Patwari Culture?
What is Police Challan?
What is Provincial Autonomy?
What is Skin effect?
What is the strength of Taliban?
What type of Drugs addicts are there in our society?
What was Aligarh Movement?
When & where the First Olympics held & When & where now?
Where are Alps Mountains?
Which is City of Eagles?
Who is Editor Dawn?
Who is Shafqat Mahmood?
Who makes Public policy?
Who was Abdul Salam?
Why CSS Prestigious?
Why Industries not progressing? What should be done?
Why Pakistan considered Extremist?
You are a DPO and you have to handle protests?Myanmar Developments
Who is South Asian Great Mathematician
Bering Strait
Longest River
Suez Canal
Why Bureaucracy has lost its direction
What is Economic Planning
What are the powers of CM
What are the powers of High Court
MFN Status. Should it be given
Palestine
Iran's Stance on West
What is Hydrophobia, Xenophobia
What is Provincial Autonomy
What is Micro-financing
Difference between Empowerment & Emancipation
How many States are in UAE
Should Religion be a part of state
Public Private Partnership
Significance of Taliban Talks
What is News of the World Scandal
What is the importance of middle class
What is the Industries
AFP, APP, AP. What does these stand for
Freedom of journalism is hurting state. What is your opinion
What is Sensationalism
Why FDI is low, reason & how to improve it
What are Rabi & Kharif crops
Difference between Stump out & Run out
Importance of Qatar in International Politics
Who was Eintein
What is Acid Base concept
Reko Dik Project significance
Chori chora Incident
Jallian Wala Bagh incident
What is name of UN department dealing with Climate change
What is Enviroment Act
Difference between Law & Jurisprudence
Why Laws are made
What does PEMRA & NEPRA stand for
What is Autonomy
What are Pros & Cons of Devolution
What is START
What is Western Political Thought
What is Western Social Thought
What is Western Economical Thought
What is Thana Functioning
What is Default Judgdment
What does SECP stand for
What was Raymond davis case
What is Geneva convention
Explain NATO
Somalia developments
Why there is Brain Drain in Pakistan
What is Cold War
What is SEATO & CENTO
Pakistan Exports breakdown
Who is Cyril Almeida
What is ABC



INTERVIEW SUCCESS 

What is issue with Japan Nuclear reactors
How to control Terrorism
Where is Colorado River
Fuctions of DMG
What is Patwari Culture
What are compoundable offences
What is perception of Police
Where prisoners are kept
Function of DMG & Customs
Jhansi Ki Rani
Which freedom fighter was hanged in Lahore
Strait of hormuz
What are Intelligence agencies
Strait of Malacca
What are Falkland Islands
What are Term of engaement of Pakistan with USA
Why there is radicalisation in our society
What is Disaster Management
What is Strategic Depth phenomenon
Explain US-China Relations
What is National Defence Policy
What was High rise building issue in Lahore
Why LGO Failed
What is the level of Food security in Pakistan
20th Ammendment
What are dry ports
What is Criminal Justice System
relation between NATO & Warsaw Pact
What is Military & Defence Policy
South China Sea
What are your views about Difa-i-Pakistan Council
What is the presidential immunity status in other countries
Australia opened trade of uranium with India. Is it right?
Which country is cut-off from EU due to Snowfall
Nobel Laureates of 2011
How Telephone hacking is done
Normal Voltage, current & frequency ratings
Why we use parallel operations transformers
What is Bus bar configuration
What is Skin effect
What is Alternative Energy Development board
Why bureaucrats are called Slaves of Lamposts

Urdu Mazamin for CSS & PMS 
Mohammad Sohail Bhatti     
Bhatti Sons Lahore

Mercantile Law for CSS 
Syed Salman Hameed Kazmi     
Jahangir Book
 
Sundry Reflections Short Essays for css pms 
Prof Manzoor Mirza     
ilmi Kitab Khana

Carvan Sociology For CSS & PMS 
Ch Ahmad Najib 
Caravan Publishersh

Punjabi Khoj Punjab for CSS & PMS 
Qamar Husnain Qadri     
Jahangir Book

Pakistan Affairs New Millennium for CSS & PMS 
M Ikram Rabbani     
Carvan Book House Lahore 
    
Comprehensive Forestry for CSS
Sayed Baqir Raza     
Publishers Emporium 

Muslim Law & Jurisprudence for CSS
Dr Liaquat Ali khan Niazi
Jahangir Book


Psychology for CSS & PMS 
Nazir Ahmad     
Advanced AP Publishers 

Comprehensive General Knowledge MCQS
Ch Ahmad Najib     
Carvan Book House Lahore

Dogars Unique General Knowledge
M. Zaeem Javed 
Dogar Publishers 

Encyclopedia Of General Knowledge 
Mohammad Sohail Bhatti 
Bhatti Sons Lahore

Encyclopedia Of General Knowledge 
Zahid H. Anjum
Jahangir Publishers

Encyclopedia of G.K by Ch. Ahmad Najib...Caravan Publishers
2. Encyclopedia of G.K by Zahid H. Anjum...Jahangir Publishers

Energy indisputably is a primary catalyst for national development. It is termed as the backbone and lifeline of a country's economy and its availability ensure accelerated growth and development. On the other hand an acute shortage of energy can be a great bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Continuous and accelerated supply of energy has turned out to be the biggest challenge and a matter of serious concern of the contemporary world as the global scenario is now shifting its face from geo politics to geo economics. As a matter of fact, there has been an enormous increase in the global demand for energy in recent years as a result of industrial development and population growth. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand.

Pakistan's energy concerns are now assuming serious and horrific proportions owing to the fact that Pakistan has been suffering from an energy crisis for about half a decade now. The power crisis is becoming unbearable with every passing day proving to be a serious threat and impediment in country's economic progress. Internal stability of any country is highly dependent on its economic well being which is directly dependent upon sufficient energy resources and their proper management. At present Pakistan is suffering from energy deficit of about 4500 MW. This dismal state of affairs has led to the closure of many industrial units hence rendering a large number of people unemployed. Moreover, large parts of Pakistan have been affected by power blackouts due to an electricity crisis.

There is a shortage of more than 7,000 megawatts which amounts to 40 per cent of the total demand. Energy crisis is threatening to become bigger in coming years. There is an expected shortfall up to 50% because of increase in demand and supply gap up to 3,000 MW. Pakistan's total energy requirement will probably increase by 48% in 2011. Power generation in Pakistan is hugely dependent on oil, whereas we have only 20% oil of the original amount needed for the production. The remaining oil has to be imported from Gulf States and other countries of world. No major oil field so far has been discovered in the last three decades. Oil demand is expected to double by 2015 and quadruple by 2025. This would lead to an alarming trade shortage, and general price hike.

Pakistan energy sector comprises major sources with share of 50.4% of gas, followed by oil 29%, hydro electricity 11%, and coal 7.6%. Consequently, Pakistan imports energy to overcome the problem and maintain standard of living of people. The major shortfall is expected in natural gas supplies. Pakistan had 28 trillion cubic feet reserves of natural gas in 2006 but due to increase in its demand it is expected to be exhausted in next two decades.

The power outages have almost crippled normal everyday life of people and particularly hit industrial and agricultural production. This energy shortfall has caused 3 to 4 per cent GDP loss in financial year 2010-2011. As recently as 2001, the country had 4,000 megawatts of excess power capacity. Today unfortunately the situation has faced threatening prospects. The Asian Development Bank (ADB), in a report has said that Pakistan's economy faces a major hurdle in the shape of its domestic energy crisis as the economy continues to be affected by structural problems, including a domestic energy crisis, a precipitous decline in investment, persistently high inflation, and security issues. Budget deficits remain high, driven by substantial subsidies and losses at state-owned enterprises, and tax revenue below target. Losses arising from power and gas shortages held down GDP growth by 3–4 per cent in FY2011 and FY2012. As a matter of consequence the state-owned enterprises, naming Pakistan Railways, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), and Pakistan Steel Mills are bearing the unprecedented losses. Nations are using renewable energy, transport policies and eco-cities to overcome poverty, create millions of jobs, expand industries, attract direct foreign investment and strengthen economies. Pakistan can solve its energy crisis and join modern world provided our leaders are willing to adopt effective laws, transparent policies, get rid of corrupt practices, and explore and invest in renewable and alternate sources of energy.

Let us delve into the issue to chalk out the reasons for this acute shortage of energy in Pakistan despite the presence of enormous natural resources. Over-reliance on dwindling hydro power, lack of research and planning, untapped energy resources, lopsided priorities, poor management and lack of accountability can be the reasons for the dearth of energy in Pakistan. It has to be kept in mind that the number of consumers of electricity has significantly increased owing to the rapid urbanization process and modern living style. The facility of electricity is now provided to the remote villages. The power loss is to tune of about 15 to 20 percent annually due to poor distribution system. Industrial, transport and domestic sectors are the three important consumers of energy. It is assumed that a misplaced use of energy is rampant in industries which need to be curtailed.

If one analyses the situation of the past few decades, it can be observed that Pakistan used to generate and meet half of its energy demands through hydel power and remaining from thermal generation. However, there is a limit to the extent of exploitation of hydel resources and thermal power plants due to environmental and other concerns. Economic situation of the country has now changed manifolds. To meet the challenges faced by today's Pakistan, there is a dire need to go for the alternate sources of energy. For that matter the process of converting coal into product gas underground can be a good alternate source of energy. Technically this process is called as underground coal gasification. Besides coal, the renewable energy as biomass can also be utilized to overcome this crisis. Similarly the wind energy is also available in Pakistan which can harness this energy in a much more effective way. Wind can be utilized to produce electricity at the coastal areas. If windmill power plants are set up along the coastline and this venture is handed over to the foreign investors, satisfactory results can be achieved. Similarly, hot climatic conditions of some areas of upper Sindh and Southern Punjab may prove to be a source of solar energy. Solar energy is the best solution for energy crisis, as the country has a potential of generating 29,000 MW electricity from sun.

Pakistan has world's seventh largest reserves of coal after discovery of THAR. These reserves are still untouched due to lack of technique in coal mining. Similarly solar and wind energy in coastal areas of Baluchistan and Sindh have a lot of potential to generate electricity but acquisition of technology at an enormous cost makes this an unbelievable source. Pakistan has only two nuclear plants providing two percent of electricity to our country. Population explosion is another cause of energy crises. At present Pakistan is pursuing a multidimensional pro-longed strategy to ensure adequate and uninterrupted oil and gas supply and other energy resources to sustain the present pattern of energy for the rapid national economic growth. Greater reliance on gas, aggressive pursuit of hydroelectric power generation, and enhancing nuclear power generation capacity are some of the key elements of this strategy.

Pakistan is also seeking to expand its primary energy supply base by encouraging oil exploration and power generation companies to undertake energy project in Pakistan. The regional gas pipe line projects in which Pakistan is actively pursuing to meet its expanding domestic energy demands.

These are the prerequisite for resolving energy crises that, unless resolved promptly, would cast a long shadow on the short and medium term objectives of economic growth and development.

To cut the long story short, Pakistan is at a critical juncture entangled with multifaceted problems. Pragmatic approach coupled with rational decision-making can show some light at the end of the tunnel.

Pakistan's educational sector has remained at the lowest level both in standard and allocation in budget by the govt. presently the literacy rate in Pakistan is 57% with (2%) of the GDP (Gross Domestic Production) spent on this sector. Though India has world’s largest illiterate population of any nation on the earth but its education sector cannot be said to be in decline with 74% literacy rate in 2011 from 12% at the end of the British rule in 1947 (source: Wikipedia). China’s situation in education is also greatly better than that of Pakistan. The Unicef Report of 2004-08 tells that China’s youth (15-24 years) have 99% of the literacy rate, while the ‘CIA World fact book’ reports that 1.9% of GDP is spent on the education sector in China. A small percentage of GDP can have 99% of the literacy rate in China then why Pakistan is standing far behind. Even Iran has the literacy rate of 80% (in 2007). This sharp contrast with the neighbouring countries in literacy rates has risen various questions as to how and why our education sector still resting somewhere in decline even after 64 years. Various questions need to be answered as far as the decline in education is concerned. The administrative infrastructure in the education sector in Pakistan has remained inefficient and weak enough to fulfill the requirements of the globalized world. The traditional definition of the literacy is described as) “the ability to read and write correctly and think critically about some printed material. In the 21st century globalized world asks for a changed and advance dimension to the culture of information and knowledge. But the quality of education in Pakistan cannot cope with the increasing challenges of today’s world. Basic reason is considered as weak physical infrastructure of the educational institutions especially of the public) sector. The quality of existing learning environment is evident from be facts that a large number of schools are missing basic infrastructure facilities i.e. 32.7% schools up to elementary level, 32% are without boundary walls, 33.6% without drinking water facility, 35.4% without latrines and around 60% schools are without electricity (source Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-11). With this kind of weakness in; infrastructure the education sector discourages the learners to get educated in a conductive environment, thus declining the standards of education at all levels. Another factor behind decline in education is the below average examination system and assessment process for the students.

The examination system in Pakistan both at school and higher education levels is impractic

al and lacks the ability to evaluate the true level of learning of the students. Major issues in the examination system include leakage of the question papers, external assistance and smuggling of unauthorized material, ghost centers and irregulation of supervision staff along with illegal ways of getting higher marks or getting better merit numbers. With these kinds of menaces the absolute evaluation of the students becomes doubtful which gives way to frustration and sense of deprivation among the unprivileged class. People in power do discriminate. Nepotism is worshipped. Example of which is the case of a Chief Justice of Pakistan (in recent past years) who got her daughter extra marks. According to an estimate, this action deprived 100,000 females’ students of their right. Not only are these kinds of inappropriate actions equal to playing with education. Decline in education is inevitable with this kind of attitudes. Although as Muslims acquiring education is considered as a religious obligation for every man and woman yet the administrative weaknesses in our country have served the corrupt powerful class to manipulate the system to suit their purposes.

In a hadith it is clearly mentioned;

“Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim”.

Decline in education is also the fall out of the “booty mafia” in the examination system. This mafia is a nuisance and causes sense of deprivation among less privileged section of society. The word “mafia’ has its roots as shadowy as its present day operations. It may also be called as “The Mob”, the syndicate or the “National Network of Organized Crime’. The Booty Mafia’ is one of the common practices in our examination system as most of the superintendents serving in the examination centres are afraid of the police that’s why they don’t register the FIR against UMC (Unfair Means Cases). The posting of corrupt officers against the posts of chairman, controller of exams and secretaries in exam boards through nepotism and political maneuvering and merit of powerful are the reasons of ‘Booti mafia” fake degrees are another humor of our educational system. In the recent past the MNA’s

(Member of the National Assembly) of Pakistan holding fake degrees got public on the private electronic media especially.

What remains the purpose of qualifying exams if the degrees can be bought or obtained by other means and if the people’s representatives are holding fake degrees what level of trust a common will have on the education system.

Various social and ideological factors have significantly contributed in the decline of the educational sector of Pakistan. Our society predominantly consists of conservative social class which has their own mores and norms. At times out of these social aspects and customs the families do not tend to send their females to the educational institutions especially in the rural and remote areas. Getting their females admitted in co-educational institution is another issue. Even some families do not let their females study for middle classes though they may be dwelling in urban societies. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-11 the male literacy rate in Pakistan is 69.5% rather of female it is 44.7% (2008-09). Rather in rural areas the literacy rate for males is 80.2% andfor females it is 65.5%. The basic reason for this disparity between male and female literacy rate is the conservative social behaviour of the people. This disparity results in the declining standards of education across the country as females consists more than half a population ofPakistan. Unless both genders contribute in the mainstream of life on equal footings how the country can be put on the road to enlightenment.

It is declared in Quran;

“Verily the worst kinds of beasts in the sight, of Almighty Allah are those deaf and dumb people who do not think use their intellect”.

The disparity between the male and female education is one cause of decline in education while disparity between languages (especially English and Urdu) is another crucial factor in the current decline of education in Pakistan.

The disparity between Urdu and English medium educational institutions in Pakistan are the source of creating two distinct poles in the education sector. English language has long been associated with expansion of English from its homeland in England and the lowlands of Scotland. The Britishers influence with their expanding empires across the world (in the colonial era) is the primary reason for the initial spread of English far beyond the UK. Following the World War II the increased economic and cultural influence of the US led to English''perffreating'4 many other cultures, chiefly through development of telecommunication technology. In Pakistan the private education sector is majorly dominated with an English Culture’. This has turned into an ‘English linguistic imperialism even though we have been made a free nation since 64 years. Dr. Robert Phillipson defines English linguistic imperialism as the dominance asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages English language prevails and maintains its domination in post colonical context in Pakistan as far as the education sector is concerned. The linguistic imperialism has resulted in creating a sharp class distinction between those who can afford the English based education and those cannot. A lopsided social and cultural fabric is the direct outcome of the disparity in education.

English language in Pakistan’s education sector has become an essential tool for getting advanced level of knowledge as this may not find in the national language Urdu. English language prepares the students for exams offered by foreign universities, in order to get higher jobs in multinationals. This has led to high competition among different social classes of Pakistan and everybody wants to provide good education; which is definitely an English medium education to one’s progeny. This has created an acute class conflict. The society in Pakistan has been divided into two distinct classes living in their own respective worlds. One almost breathing in the 21st century. Western society and other one trying to just survive in the conditions of yore. This kind of conflict in the education sector has made Pakistani society confront strong forces of orthodoxy, religious ethnicity, linguistic loyalties versus the need and urge to be more powerful. According to an estimate Pakistan is the 9th largest English speaking nation in the world and 3rd in Asia. The tough competition among the classes to get the English medium education causes declining standards as the various mediums and levels of qualities of education sector create a social imbalance. Still another factor behind this decline in education are the deteriorating standards of the education in the public institutions while giving way to ever increasing expenses of the private education system.

Ever since the privatization of the institutions in Pakistan (since 1999) took place. The increasing rates of the private educational institution have launched a kind of a cut throat competition among masses to get their children admitted in highly expensive and quality; as it is thought, private institutions in Pakistan. According to an estimate 1999-2009 private provision multiplied almost three fold from 36,000 schools to over 90,000 at primary and secondary levels spreading across the urban and rural areas. Private provision in Pakistan is seen to be providing a choice for even poor families. The ‘linguistic imperialism’ of English has rendered the society always striving to get education from private English medium institutions, though it so happens at times that several private educational institutions are just grabbing heavy amounts from parents of their students and that in the name of English based education which gives a sense of superiority to every class of Pakistani society. An education report (in 2008) in Pakistan estimates that 22% of children in school going age (5 -16 years) in rural areas are enrolled in private schools. The might be the reason that govt. also took certain measures to collaborate the private and public sector of education. This is a fact that, given the resources, people send their children to private institutions. The website Wikipedia claims that HEC in Pakistan (Higher Education Commission) recognized 132 institutions in Pakistan out of them 73 are public universities and 59 are private. While between 1983- 2000 the number of private primary and secondary schools in Pakistan increased tenfold from 3,300-32,000. This is a surprising statistics that this much growth of the private sector education is faster than the population of the school aged children. The mushroom growth of private institutions (especially school with) in-appropriate learning environment has caused manipulation of education.

The economic crisis of Pakistan has caused much damage to the standards of the education sector. For getting expensive education in the private institutions the parents of the students have to maintain a dignified economic status which is a hard nut to crack especially for those belonging to the middle class. The owners of the private institutions especially of schools open up the schools in inappropriate premises just for the sake of earning money. The ever increasing unemployment, poverty and inflation rates have compelled various people to manipulate education as providing education in Pakistan is a convenient source of earning a reasonable livelihood. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-2011 the unemployment increased by 5.5% and 5.6% in 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively. While the cumulative increase in inflation is 14.1% in July - April 2010-11. With these alarming figures the survey states that the real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth rate as 2.4% compared to 4.5% which was a targeted figure. These menaces on the front of economy have hurdled the way of the education to great improvement as the teachers are also victimized by the social and economic issues. These facts render them unable to impart quality education with motivation and professionalism. This decline of education certainly needs some remedies to get elevated.

The most significant step in elevating the education sector would be to ensuring a remarkable increase in the expenditure on the education. The policy documents are blank on this question of what extraordinary things are going to happen which enable Pakistan to raise the expenditure on education. From 1972-2009 levels of spending remained significantly unpredictable. Given this disappointing trajectory increasing public expenditure on education to 7% of the GDP would be nothing less than a miracle but it is not going to be of godly nature. Unless Pakistan adopts an unconventional approach towards education this sector cannot reach its desired destination. Education should be treated as a special sector by immunizing budgetary allocation and securing it from fiscal stress and political or economic instabilities. Allocation for education should not be affected by squeezed fiscal space or surge in military expenditure or debts. At the same time, there is need to debate other option about how Pakistan can invent the miracle of raising education expenditure to 7% of GDP by 2015 as the govt. pledges to.

The govt. sector of education should have collaboration with the private sector in order to ensure the provision of the quality education to non-privileged calls of the society. The ‘Education Sector Reform’s Action Plan’ ‘2001-2002’,2005-2006’ prioritized the provision of primary and elementary education to all children and provided incentives to public private partnership (PPPs) to flourish the education sector. It is hopeful sign that due to govt.’s favorable approach to private participation in education large number of institutions not only flourished but also catered socio economically disadvantaged rural and urban poor. In Balochistan, Punjab and Sindh the World Bank is supporting the low-cost private sector through education foundations to expand access to education in districts with large number of out of school children. These are good omens but much more is required to make the quality education a possibility for all.

The international organizations should come forward in supporting Pakistan to come out of the decline of education. The United Nations Organization needs to take effective measure in virtually enabling the less privileged class to acquire education as their basic right. This act will certainly ensure the decrease in corruption and criminal activities in our society. The corruption done by the World Bank is noteworthy in this regard. Since 2004 World Bank has been supporting the education sector reforms in Pakistan though development policy credit operation in Pakistan for the poor. This promotes public financial reforms and devolution of roles to local communication, making service providers more accountable. World Bank’s analytical support for higher education sector has been completed and da high education sector programme is under preparation. Work is also underway to support college sector reforms. These remedies may at least enable Pakistan to decrease ‘Brain Drain’ as many students move abroad for the sake of higher quality education from Western countries. The reform programmes also include teachers’ professional development, textbook development, assessment with a view to improve students’ learning and classroom environment along with monitoring of the students’ learning through regular assessment. This is happening with a National Educational Assessment System supported by the World Bank.

The govt, of Pakistan must also take prompt action to impart technical and vocational education as it is necessary to make the education match able with the growing advancements in the field of technology all over the world, ‘NAVTEC’ (National Vocational and Technical Education Commission is a regulatory body responsible for promoting linkages among various stake holders to address challenges faced by Technical and Vocational Educational Training (TVET). These include training and skill enhancing at individual level and initiating a mega campaign at public-private partnerships. NAVTEC specially focuses on disadvantaged group to economically disadvantaged region. The most exciting feature of NAVTEC is to enhance the employability of youth and supporting women to participate in labour force more actively. Today rate of women participation is only 29% which is far less than other regional countries (Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-2011). This rate should be essentially increased in order to raise the potential of women to come in the mainstream of life.

For elevating the current decline of education in Pakistan the other most crucial step could be focusing the higher education which; in this age of globalization, plays an important role in making an economy knowledge-based. It works as a driving force in the development process of a country and brings intellectual capital and technological changes, making economy more competitive and innovative by reshaping human capital, with better skills and expertise. ‘Higher Education Commission’ is an autonomous bod)' to provide inter-universities cooperation and coordination. It is not a good sign that due to continued financial vulnerabilities, the govt, has reduced development budget to Rs. 9.2 billion in 2010-2011 compared to Rs. 11.3 billion in 2009-2010 (Source: Economic Survey 2010-11). The development budget for education should be increased especially for higher education which is a major source of development of Pakistan. In this regard education policy 2009 is an important factor.

The govt, of Pakistan must make the New Education Policy(NEP) 2009 effective. This policy calls for an increased access to higher education for the youth of age group between 17-23 years from the existing 5% to 10% by the year 2015. It is a major challenge for Higher Education Commission (HEC) and would require continuous support and generous funding from the federal govt, in the upcoming years. During 2000-10, there were 868,641 students studying in the universities. This is a satisfactory figure but the new education policy 2009 should be made practical removing all the impediments of the way. The govt. must ensure that whatever the measures have been laid in the policy are effectively implemented in the whole education system of the country as only the paper work does not produce results, for this purpose, a highly skilled workforce will be required to meet the required ends.

Highly skilled workforce has become a basic need to meet the challenges of contemporary era which is all about competitiveness and efficiency. Human development must be the first and foremost objective of the education in Pakistan as only the curriculum-based education just produces rote memorizers. It is important to note that higher education sector has been playing essential role in human resource development to support the economy of the country by contributing in workforce of1 approximately four hundred thousand university graduates, every year, during 2005 to 2009. The data shows 30% increase in the total graduates output from the universities and degree awarding institutes (DAI's) during above mentioned period. Since 2002, Higher Education] Commission has sent about 4,313 scholars in the technically advanced] countries for research degrees such as M.Phil and Ph.D out of these; 1,214 have completed and returned to the country (Economic Survey). Further measures are to be taken to make the human development possible in the literal sense.

It is said that crisis in economics or a trade deficit comes about when the nations 'import too many foreign goods’. In culture and education nations experience a deficit when they “import too few’. This is] what actually happened with education sector in Pakistan The govt. should make it a permanent programme of the education policies and programmes to exchange the technical and cultural learnings from the friendly neighbouring countries especially the Muslim, countries. The scholarships should be offered to the students coming from neighbouring countries to ensure that students of different countries are having acongenial and productive interaction with the world outside. It is praiseworthy that Ministry of Education is running a number of scholarship schemes for different target groups. This includes 100 scholarships to Bangladeshi, 200 to students from “Indian Occupied Kashmir’ and 2,000 to students from Afghanistan. These are pleasing steps of the govt. but this activity must be expanded to other neighbouring countries as well which will also increase the scope of Pakistani students as well.

We are living in a digital era where the dimensions of learning and knowledge have been multiplied manifold. We cannot just peep into the world through a narrow window of knowledge. Today’s world demands a wider perspectives and enlightened intellectual way of life. Pakistan’s education sector needs to cope with it which may not be a possibility but requires the struggle which can go out of the conventional ways of the country. 64 years have taught Pakistani nation a bitter reality that without investing both financially and intellectually in the education sector will keep on giving disappointing figures. With the decline in education the track of the modern world can be bumpy. This creates a vicious circle with alarming poverty ratio and unemployment as the direct fall out and then again as the cause of the decline in education. Elevation of the education sector is not only the need of the hour for the country but also (essential to) fulfill the MDG’s (Millennium Development Goals) in their literal sense.