Articles by "Socio-Economic"
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Road Accidents

Outline:
1. Introduction: accidents are increasing-alarmingly.
2. Causes of accidents are:
i. Rash driving or over speeding and overloading,
ii. Bad condition of roads,
iii. Defective procedure of issuing licenses and route permits,
iv. Corruption in the Police Department,
v. Lack of traffic sense,
vi. Slow moving, defective and smoky vehicles,
vii. Defective traffic signals,
viii. Unmanned crossings,
ix. Uncertain weather,
x. Overpopulation.
3. Some suggestions to avoid accidents.
4. Conclusion: There should be joint efforts to check accidents.

Accidents are increasing at an alarming speed. Every other day, a horrible accident happens on city roads or on the highway causing heavy toll of human life. Hundreds and thousands of people are injured and killed in road accidents every year. The number of casualties in Pakistan is awfully great. The traffic on crowded roads of big city and highways is so terrific that one is not certain whether one will be back home safe and sound. The accidents are caused by one of the factors detailed below.
The first and the foremost cause of road accidents is rash and overspeeding by drivers. We daily witness a rat race of wagons on city roads. In a bid to pick maximum number of commuters, the wagon drivers overtake excessively. They least bother about other vehicles, pedestrians or traffic signals on the way. Often they run over people, or collide against other vehicles causing terrible accidents. The drivers of buses and coaches on highways and inter-city routes are no fewer rashes in driving. Their only motive to do so is to pick as many passengers as possible. Besides overspeeding, the drivers overload their vehicles violating traffic rules. Many a time their vehicles are packed to suffocation. While driving on long routes, the drivers are often drunk, because they are overworked. They too cause accidents.          
The procedure of issuing licenses and route permits is very defective. There are no proper trials and no training for persons seeking driving licenses. Often these are issued on approach or on greasing the palm of some police official. Similarly route permits are issued to such owners whose vehicles are not in proper condition.
Such corrupt police officials also contribute to the growing number of accidents. They issue licenses and route permits to incompetent and untrained persons. After receiving bribe, they release challans or do not challan the defaulters at all. Then, most of the wagons on city routes are owned by police officials. The drivers of these wagons, therefore, least bother about traffic rules.
Our people don't have any traffic sense at all. They don't know where to park their vehicle, where to take a turn, where to cross the road; and how to overtake another vehicle. Although there are zebra crossings, yet the pedestrians don't bother about them. People deem it an honor to violate traffic rules and signals. Even highly educated people and high ups do so. Many may lack traffic sense, but majority of people intentionally break traffic rules. Such an irresponsible attitude causes accidents.
Slow-moving vehicles as carts, gigs, dump-carts, bullock carts and donkey carts cause accidents. The coachmen turn to any side, at will, causing accidents. As these vehicles don't have brakes, they can ran into any other vehicle any time. Then there are smoky and defective vehicles such as LPG rickshaws, motorcycle-cum-rickshaws cause pollution as well as, accidents. On many crossings on city roads, traffic signals don't function properly, with the result that there is free for all leading to accidents. Then many crossings remain unmanned throughout the day. If ever a traffic constable is posted there, he is seen gossiping, napping or eating nearby. In his absence, people never care for traffic rules. It is often seen that only the fear of a cop on duty prevents the people from breaking traffic rules.
The hazy weather and snowfall in the northern regions of the country cause accidents; as vehicles coming from the opposite direction are not clearly visible. Sometimes accidents are caused by heavy rain and storm which uproot trees and electric poles that fall on vehicles moving there.
The above of all, overpopulation is resulting in increasing the number of vehicles. The vehicular traffic on city roads is rapidly raising rendering city roads narrow and insufficient.
The growing number of road accidents can be considerably controlled by adopting certain measures. First of all, the Traffic Police Department must be purged of corrupt officials. The drivers indulging in overspeeding and overloading must be heavily fined. If that step fails, the route permits of their vehicles must be cancelled. The drivers responsible for accidents must be legally bound to compensate the victims heavily driving hours of drivers should be curtailed. The current defective system of issuing licenses and route permits must be improved so as incompetent and untrained persons may not get licenses and permits. Roads in big city and highways should be widened and repaired to meet the requirements of growing traffic. Contractors who use substandard material in repair and construction should be disqualified. Route permits of defective and smoky vehicles should be cancelled. Slow moving vehicles should be restricted to byroads or by lanes. All the traffic signals in big city should be in proper working order. All the crossings in city and railway crossings must be manned. The press and electronic media should play a major role in inculcating traffic sense among the masses.
Only these measures if taken in letter and spirit can help decrease road accidents. Only the government cannot control them. But the people must develop traffic sense among themselves and cooperate with the government. Every possible effort must be made to, save precious human lives lost in these accidents. The loss of one human life affects a number of families. This colossal     problem, therefore, demands serious attention.

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Traffic Problems

Outline:
1. Introduction: Traffic mess is unchecked.
2. Traffic mess is a constant cause of tension.
3. Automations are excessively increasing.
4. Roads narrow, people lack traffic sense, migration to big cities.
5. Sufferings of people get intense because of traffic jams
6. Remedial measures: need of byways, fly ways, high ways, interchanges and underways.
7. Traffic awareness should be developed.
8. Conclusion: Strategic planning for smooth traffic.
The traffic in big cities is in a state of mess. Traffic in big cities is held for

long hours on main roads. It takes a long time for the muddled traffic to clear Long rows of cars, buses, trucks, rickshaws are formed on both sides of roads. Traffic gets jammed resulting in the inconvenience of the traveling passengers. It is a tormenting sort of situation, as in the scorching heat of the sun; it is a problem to put up with the ordeal. People willy-nilly have to bear the agony of traffic jams.
One of the causes of traffic mess is a great number of vehicles that run on the roads, especially during the peak hours in the- morning and the evening. There is a mushrooming flow of vehicles on roads often leading to traffic disorders. The population of vehicles has increased tremendously which contributes more occurrences of traffic jams. The roads in cities are not wide enough to absorb the increasing flow of traffic.
Disorderliness in traffic is created whenever traffic rules are violated. The tendency to by-pass the running vehicles often lead to unpleasant situation in the form of pause of traffic, particularly at the busy crossings. In that event, long rows of vehicles are occasioned on roads. The rickshaws leave their own rows and mix in the others, thereby, making the confusion worst confounded. The traffic wardens on occasions appear helpless to ensure the normal flow of traffic.
The consequences of traffic mess need a mention here. The ambulances carrying patients, needing immediate medical aid are held up till the mess is cleared. In certain cases, the condition of patients grows critical. Some cardiac patients expire in the way because the emergency van cannot make its headway owing to the blockade of traffic. Some persons have to attend offices at particular times and they are debarred from doing so. Important official business meetings are missed; this in a way is a great loss to ponder upon. The buses, wagons, rickshaws carrying some aged commuters create problems for them who cannot bear the inhospitable weather. The blazing sun in the summer makes their condition pitiable. Top of all, it leads to wastage of time which is harmful from the national point of view. Time is. a precious investment Which needs to be saved and preserved for national utility.
The remedy of traffic muddle lies in constructing a number of byways, fly ways, highways, underways and muddle at different places. Another measure is to widen the roads as far as possible to absorb the increasing flow of traffic through proper planning. There should also be demarcation on the roads for the flow of traffic. Fast moving traffic should be on the upper row and slow moving traffic should be on the lower row.
The violators of traffic need to the punished severally irrespective of their high or low status. The law should hold in all cases. The traffic violators coming of elite classes of belonging to the VIP culture should not be allowed to go free handed. The traffic police should be empowered to check arrest the habitual traffic rule violators. They should be equipped with most modern weapons so that they may address the danger, if any. All channels of print and electronic media should be employed to develop general awareness about traffic regulations.
Last but not the least, the strategic planning for smooth traffic must be formed. For, it is a problem that intrudes upon a number of disciplines.
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Festivals   

Outline:              
1. Introduction: Festivals fill our life with thrill
2. Religious festivals give us spiritual pleasure.
3. Public / National festivals are the celebration of heroic deeds.
4. The cultural values of festivals unite the nation.
5. The social utility of festivals.
6. Conclusion: All segment of society should be included in festivals.

Life in our country is marked by the enthusiastic observance of a large number of public festivals. Festivals fill our dull life with color and thrill. Festivals, however, can be divided into two major groups the religious and the public festivals.

The religious festivals are celebrated by each community according to the belief and prescription of its religion. They may, therefore, be called religious festivals. The second group consists of those that are observed on a national scale and participated in by members-of all communities.
We celebrate many religious festivals every year in Pakistan. The most important among them are the Eids and the Muharram. The Eids are two in number Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Azha. The first takes place at the end of a month-long fast during the lunar month of Ramadan. It is a great occasion. Muslims in hundreds of thousands gather on the day in various mosques to offer their prayer. More pompous and expensive, however, is the Eid-ul-Azha, which comes off on the 10th day of Zil-Haj, the last month of the lunar year. Apart from usual rejoicing and festivity, prayer and greeting, this day is marked by the sacrifice of animals whose flesh is eaten and distributed among the poor. The first Eid is meant to mark the ending of self-imposed trials and hardships to purify the soul throughout a full month of fasting and abstinence from all evil thoughts and actions. The second Eid is celebrated to commemorate the great sacrifice that Hazrat Abraham (A.S.) had made of his son in the name of Allah.
Markedly different in appearance, but similar in spirit to the Eids, is the festival of Muharram. It is a sad occasion, meant to commemorate the martyrdom of Hazrat Imam Hussain (R.A.), the youngest grandson of the Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). He voluntarily sacrificed his life in the battle field of Karbala to hold up the banner of Islam. It is observed in tears and prayers and intended to recall the great sacrifice made by the Imam.
Other important Muslim festivals are the Shab-i-Barat, Shab-i-Miraj and Shab-i-Qadr. The birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) is a real public festival.
It falls on the 12th day of the lunar month of Rabi-ul-Awwal. Religious meetings are held on this occasion and thousands of Muslims gather to offer praise to them beloved Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) and discuss his life and achievements. Others are important as rites but not so as festivals, being confined mostly to individual prayer at home or in the mosque.
Pakistan also observes several national festivals. The Independence Day falling on the 14th August is celebrated to mark the beginning of our career as an independent nation. The Pakistan Day is observed on the 23rd March to commemorate that the Muslims of India made to achieve Pakistan. The Quaid's birthday is celebrated on the 25th December to pay homage to the great soul who was sent by Providence to give the hundred million Muslims of India, a homeland in the shape of Pakistan. All these occasions are celebrated at State initiative and people of all communities celebrate them in the most befitting manner. New resolves are made on every occasion to defend our freedom and to march from progress to progress.
The national festivals are, in a greater measure, loaded with social utilities. On these days, we recount the past, recollect our great fighters and in that light renew our determination to translate their dreams into practice. Every occasion conveys new inspiration to the nation and generates new consciousness of our rights and obligations. People of all sections meet on the common ground and develop stronger national solidarity.
All segment of society should be included in festivals. They should not forget that they belong to a nation. They should forget their individualistic interests. They should keep in mind that they draw sustenance from a society and a nation.
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Eid Festival

Outline:
1. Introduction: We cannot forget some festivals.
2. Getting up early in the morning in preparation for the festival.
3. Going to the "Eidgah for prayers.
4. Meeting a very old friend there by chance. A very happy meeting.
5. Bringing that friend to my house - Going with him to other friends and attending a party.
6. Enjoyments of people of different classes on the Eid festival.
7. Getting tired in the evening after a busy day.              
8. Conclusion: Going to bed at night with high hopes about the future.

We cannot forget some festivals in our lives. I shall always remember a festival of Eid. I celebrated it a few years ago at Lahore. It was a cold winter morning. I woke up very early because I knew that it was Eid day. I had great expectations about spending the day with my friends and having different kinds of enjoyments. As soon as I got down from my bed, I began arranging my clothes and things for the festival. I took out the best of my clothes and put them on with great joy.
I went to the "Eidgah" for prayers at about half-past eight with my father and brothers. We all said our Eid prayers with great devotion. Just after prayers we met and exchanged Eid greetings with our friends and neighbors. I was really very surprised to meet a very old friend of mine at the Eidgah. He was Ahmad with whom I had studied in School. Perhaps we had met after eight years. Ahmad had come to Lahore from Karachi. It was because of the Eid festival that I could meet my old friend. it was a very happy meeting for me.
I brought my friend to my house. We talked about our school life for quit some time. Then we made a plan of visiting our friends one after the other. We began visiting them after lunch. We met about five of our friends at their houses. One of them invited us to a tea party at his house.
My friend and I attended the party in the evening. Many of my college friends could be seen there. We all talked happily as we took tea and sweets. There was great deal of laughter and fun at the party. My friends discussed their experiences the day. They discussed their observations of the activities of different casses people on the Eid festival. They talked about the enjoyments of old and young men and children. They talked happily over the fashionable dresses that women wore on the festival of Eid. They all agreed that Eid was a great blessing which made everyone so happy.
My friend and I observed the activities of the people of different classes of people on the festival of Eid. Poor people of the working classes were wearing the only good dresses they had. Their clothes were ordinary but of bright colors. They were meeting each other in passionate joy. They smiled and shook hands in a natural way. They also went to cinema halls in the evening in great number.
People of the middle class moved about happily on the roads in fine clothes. Their greatest happiness seemed to be visiting each other's houses, buying toys for their children, and giving presents to others, etc. They went to parks or cinema houses in the evening. Rich people were seen moving in their cars, visiting each other and exchanging presents. They were wearing very expensive dresses. In the evening, many of them went to hotels and cinema halls.
On the festival of Eid, beggars or the poorest people also seemed to be happy. Rich people gave money to these persons freely. In the evening, I got very tired. I had passed a really busy day.
When I went to bed chat night I thought about the Eid festival for a long time. I felt that the holy festival of Eid, coming after a month of fasting had given me hope and joy. I had high hopes about my future.
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Strikes


Related topic: The Uses and Misuses of Strikes.

Outline:

1. Introduction: Strikes are common these days.

2. Different kinds of people go on strike.

3. Causes of strikes.

4. Uses and harms of strikes.

5. Some measures to remove the causes of strikes.       

6. Conclusion: Need for honest atmosphere.



Strikes are very common these days. Strikes are there in different countries of the world from time to time. Only socialist countries like China and Russia do not have strikes. Persons on strike stop doing their work together to get their demands accepted or to show their anger.
Different kinds of people go on strike. For example, laborers working in factories go on strike to get their demands accepted. Students go on strike when they want to protest against something or to get their demands accepted. Workers in offices also go on strike in support of some demands or to get some facilities. All kinds of people engaged ip some regular work or activity can go on strike regardless legal bindings.            
There are different causes of strikes. First of all, people go on strike when their demands are not accepted by their superiors. Then through strike they try to force their superiors or officers to accept their demands. Laborers in factories and workers in offices stop doing their work and declare that they will not come to work until their demands are met. These demands can be for a rise in wages or pays or for better facilities of work, etc. Often trade unions arrange the strikes of laborers and workers of factories.
Students can go on strike for different reasons. They may demand the postponement of their examinations or some facilities in their institutions or the appointment of some teachers, etc. Sometimes students may go on strike for political reasons. They may protest against a political decision of the government of their country or another country or against the attitude of a political party.
Sometimes bus drivers or train drivers go on strike to protest against the attitude of the police. They also go on strike to get their demands for higher fares of buses or trains accepted. Railway workers may go on strike for higher wages or pays. They may also demand better facilities of service. Workers of air companies may also go on strike for these reasons.
Shopkeepers and businessmen may go on strike to protest against new taxes or prices fixed by the government. They may protest against certain trade policies of the government through strikes.
There are some uses of strikes. Through strikes working people and students can present their demands in forceful ways. Higher authorities consider their demands carefully and try to accept them. Strikers can express their anger or dissatisfaction about some problems through strikes. Other people in society begin supporting them. But working people and students lose much of their precious time in strikes. They do not work or study till the strike is over. Things in factories or other places are not produced as long as strikes continue. Prices of those things in markets go up.
Strikes are very harmful for the public. For example, when transport or- railway workers go on strike, the public cannot travel from one place to another easily: When doctors or nurses are on strike patients are in trouble. Sometimes there are public disturbances during strikes. Strikers may become violent if their demands are not accepted. They may begin harming public property or fighting with peaceful people. They themselves may get injured or may injure others.
Hence, working people, students, etc. should not go on strike as far as possible. They should adopt other ways of discussing their problems with higher authorities.
They should wait patiently for a sufficient time till their proper demands can be accepted. People, may go on strike only in the end when their proper demands are not considered or accepted;
The government and responsible people in society should try to remove the causes of strikes. Workers in factories, officials in offices and employees should be given proper wages, pays and facilities. Students should be given chances of having proper education and jobs. Satisfied people do not like to go on strike. Those persons who mislead workers and students and ask them to go on strike should be punished. Working people and students should never go on strike for political reasons.
An atmosphere of honest and hard work should be created in our society. Our first duty is to our country and our nation. We should not go on strike if it harms our national interests in any way.

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Corruption

Related topics: Corruption in Pakistan, Corruption & Accountability; How to Root Out Corruption

Outline:
1. Introduction: Corruption is the mother of all evils.
2. Corruption destroys the society and the structure of government.
3. Corruption - a spread disease among higher authorities.
4. Corruption has become the order of the day.
5. Corruption in the past and present.
6. Suggestions for the eradication of corruption.
7. Conclusion: Corruption must be rooted out,

The word corruption means to change from good to bad in morals, manners and action. Corruption stands for mutilation of integrity virtue and moral principles. Since corruption is connected with bribery that literally stands for money as favors bestowed on or promised to a person in a position of trust in order to prevent a judgment or corrupt his conduct. It is thus clear that corruption and bribery go hand in hand and cover a big sphere of social activity, which can be disrupted to an extent that makes people's lives miserable and retards the growth of a country. The lack of accountability promotes corruption rampantly. Since we do not have any organized institution, which can be reliable, corrupt ones feel secure without check and malpractice at large.
The biggest drawbacks in our national development have been political instability. The so-called leaders and opportunists joined hands with the civil-military bureaucracy to retain powers and loot the country of its resources with both hands. Our immoral and un-Islamic social customs play an important role in boosting corruption. In order to fulfill unreasonable needs of customs of families, officials go out of the way to earn money. Instead of practicing austerity in there, lives, they are bound to lead luxurious life, which demands high cost. That can only be met by illegal means.
Following are the main channels, which give rise to opportunities for corruption and if these are plugged, the chances of corruption will be minimized.
First is the leakage in the assessment and collection of tax revenues Owing to unscrupulous tax collectors, even honest taxpayers have succumbed to tax evasion and extortion. This ill-gotten wealth by both taxpayers and tax collectors creates serious social fragmentation.
 Second, the government contracts and purchases of goods and services by different departments and ministries have brought affluence to those who allow or authorize these contracts and purchases. The, recent history of commissions, kickbacks and foreign deposits is too well-known that it does not need any repetition but simply illustrates the gravity of the problem. The inflated public expenditures are one of the main contributory factors in the financial distress and heavy indebtedness faced by the country.
Third, the public enterprises and corporations such as WAPDA, LESCO, KESC, Steel Mills, PIA, etc. have become a big sore on the economic landscape of country. The managers and employees are making hay while the sun shines but country is facing financial disaster by absorbing the-losses of these enterprises. The public utilities bills are out of reach of a common hardworking honest family. The competitiveness of Pakistan's manufacturing industries in the world market is at serious stake because of higher tariffs charged for electricity and other utilities.
Fourth, the nationalized commercial banks and financial institutions have made a few thousand families fabulously rich but made the rest of the population pay the price for their wrongdoing. The cost of capital has become exorbitantly high and the access to credit has been so severely curtailed that legitimate business and enterprises are unable to carry out their productive activities.
Fifth, the recruitment, postings and transfers in all government ministries, departments and corporations are largely made either in exchange of outright financial favors or on pure political considerations. The result is that the government offices are saddled with incompetent (Jilt) and dishonest functionaries who are always trying to please their bosses on political matters while being completely oblivious to the grievances of the common man whom they are supposed to serve.
The culture of sycophancy and catering to the whims of those in power has taken firm roots. While the upper echelons of the bureaucracy remains busy in meeting the demands of those in power, the clerks and the lower functionaries harass, extort and misbehave with the poor people who come to their offices for legitimate need. The police officials are perceived as a menace by the ordinary citizens rather than as a protector of their life and property.
Sixth, another avenue for making a fast buck and becoming rich overnight, by laying your hands on a license or permit of any kind, i.e., construction, import or obtain flats of land at highly subsidized prices and pocket the differences between the acquired price and the market price. The prices of both the commercial and residential Property have, therefore, soared to levels beyond the affordability of middle class family. The textile export quota has also been misused in the post to enrich a few.
Corruption has eaten up the inner of people belonging to all walks of life. The poorest is least corrupt only because there is nothing handy to steal from the laborer executive engineer in a government department who puts half the project funds in his Pocket. The problem therefore, is somewhat larger than it appears. Corruption has become part of our system. Society is affected by corruption, bribery market manipulation and hinders economic development. Weak governments are further weakened by corruption and emerging democracies are threatened.
There is dire need to take practical measures rooting out corruption from the country. Following steps may also ensure corruption-free future in our country.
Insulating the civil servants from all kinds of influences can minimize corruption. His posting, transfer, punishment and promotion should be done not by the rulers but by commissions and tribunals which are completely free from the influence of rulers. The endeavor should be to make the civil servant fearless, honest, and non-compromising and a strict follower of the Book. The chairman and member of these commissions should be appointed through procedures similar to those followed for the appointment of Supreme Court Judges.
There is also need to ensure the independence of regulatory institutions such as the Central Bank, Securities and Exchange Commission in order to prevent major corruption in relation to the financial operations of banks and stock exchanges. Loans must be issued pledging the equal value property without politician's pressure.
Declaration and publications of assets of all persons holding elected office and their family members. Such declarations should be available for inspection to the members of the public.
All the public servants should be compelled by law to clear their deskwork within a reasonable time. Failing which, they should be punished with deduction from their pay because some time they delay in work to get some benefit from people. Citizens should be free to lodge complaints with courts / ombudsman. Discretionary powers of officials should be kept to the minimum and be monitored by respectable citizens. Let us revive social boycott of corrupt politicians, officials, businessmen and even journalists.
In addition, there is a dire need to organize various forms of civil society groups, raise voices and keep on highlighting these issues. Use the free press to expose the real instances of corruption and malpractices and act as pressure group. Moral and religious awareness are also key solutions to this problem.
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Child Labor

Outline:
1. Introduction: Child labor is worst kind of exploitation.
2. Poverty is the root cause of child labor.
3. International propaganda against child labor.
4. No country guarantees of subsistence except UK.
5. Developed countries help to eradicate child labor.
6. Some advantages of child labor
7. Conclusion: Technical / vocational institutions should be established.

Child labor is the labor provided by children in factories and other realms of production. It is equated with exploitation, working for long hours under physical and mental conditions of stress and strain. The environments under which children work in factories are the least favorable. Child labor is branded by various names like bonded labor, forced labor etc. There are many causes of child labor in the Third World countries in general and Pakistan in particular.
Economic poverty is the main cause of child labor. Poor parents are compelled to send their children in urban areas to carpet manufacturing sector in Pakistan where they work extremely unfavorable environs. The term 'bonded labor' applies to the children working in different industries, either receiving no money or paltry amount for supplying labor. Likewise, children join motor workshops to become motor mechanics and the process of apprenticeship continues for a fairly long time. During the period of training spreading over a number of decades, they have to remain content with whatever paltry wages they get. In the rural areas, children of primary school age are needed to work on family farms.
The developed countries charge Pakistan for violating human rights of the child labor. Even sports goods, surgical instrument industries are also the target of employing the child labor. Organized propaganda has been started against Pakistan, on the basis of which carpet, sports goods exports are refused to enter into many developed countries. It is pointed out that child labor is employed even in the United States of America, India, Bangladesh, Brazil and Mexico in varying degrees. The evil exists in many of the developed countries, whereas it is practiced in the underdeveloped countries on a comparatively large scale for reasons noted above.
From amongst the human rights, the first right is to live. It is a right of subsistence. Other rights come later. The US has not guaranteed the subsistence rights to its citizens. Subsistence rights are, however, guaranteed in the UK. The US is a violator of the subsistence right and as such it needs to be tried on this account.

The developed nations should force the governments in underdeveloped countries to guarantee subsistence to all the citizens. The economically developed countries a so should enforce subsistence rights in their own land. The developed countries don't bother about this right to be enforced in the poor countries as they are interested in the survival of the poor. Above all, they themselves follow such, economic policies at the international level as to keep the poor in a state of permanent poverty. The developed countries instead of finding fault with the child labor on grounds of human rights violation should endeavor to ensure the observance of the first right to live. If this right were met many of the evils of child labor, would vanish.
While child labor cannot be viewed with equanimity of mind owing to various excesses attached to it. It has, however, some redeeming features. The children get on-the-job training in various technical vocations, and most of them turn out to be good mechanics to earn a good living in time to come. Through experience, they learn the technicalities of their profession. However, if they were to receive the fundamental theoretical knowledge through preliminary training, their performance could immensely improve. The lack of theoretical knowledge is a limiting factor to their efficiency. If this deficiency were overcome, it would go a long way to improve the labor productivity. It calls for making certain arrangements of training for the exposure of labor to basic principles of mechanics.
Arrangements must be made for imparting relevant education and the training of child labor. The government through legislation can effectively control the menace of child labor. It should be made legal binding on the manufacturers to arrange for the technical training of labor. It can be facilitated through the establishment of labor training institutes at different places depending on the nature of localized industries. In Sialkot, the institute can provide theoretical-cum-practical training to labor in sports and surgical instruments manufacture. In Faisalabad, arrangements can be made for the exposure of labor to the basic manufacturing processes in textile sector. This would go a long way to improve the productivity of labor.
The need of the hour is to evolve a comprehensive integrated strategy both at public and private level. It should include the universal primary education, formal and non-formal programs. It should also develop employment generating policy sponsoring of technical institutes for the training of labor.
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Unemployment

Related topics: Joblessness; Idleness, Lack of Work.

Outline:
1. Introduction: Unemployment is increasing.
2. Unemployment in different fields of life.
3. Causes of unemployment.
4. Results of unemployment.
5. Ways of removing unemployment.
6. Conclusion: Unemployment must be reduced.

Unemployment is a serious social evil. The rate of unemployment is an indicator of the health of an economy. We find unemployment in many countries of the world. But it is increasing very fast in some Asian countries. The number of unemployed persons is quite large in our country. We find many educated person without work in our country. Thousands of students pass the B.A., M.A., B.Sc., M.Sc. examinations every year. But many of them cannot get good jobs. Many new doctors and engineers have failed to get proper job in the country. Many laborers and ordinary workers in city and village are still idle.
The reasons for unemployment are many. First of all, the population of the country is increasing fast. Every year the population increases by the ratio of 3.1 percent. All the additional people cannot get jobs easily. Moreover, the uneven distribution of resources is the main cause of unemployment. A few feudal and industrial families have grabbed the rights of the whole nation.
Non-productive and non-technical education has become common. We have a greater number of well-educated persons in the country every year. They cannot easily get good jobs. Some of them who get the jobs have to try and wait for quite a long time. It has become a fashion to like some jobs and dislike others. It increases unemployment. For example those who get higher education do not like to do manual work.
Another main reason of unemployment is the slow industrial, scientific and agricultural development. We do not have as many factories, laboratories, modern farms and centers of production as we should have. The result is that our educated people cannot get enough of jobs.
Now most of the people like to work in city. Villagers who get education come to city in search of jobs. When tractors and other machines are used in village farms; many laborers become unemployed. These laborers come to city in search of work. This makes the problem of unemployment very serious in city.
The results of unemployment are very harmful. All unemployed persons are very worried. They cannot enjoy life. They cannot look after their families well. They think that they have become useless. Unemployment has poisoned their lives.
Unemployment affects the production of the country badly. If all unemployed persons get good jobs they can work hard and produce more. There are different ways of solving the problem of unemployment. The government can open new offices and factories and provide work to the people. It can employ people to construct new buildings, highways, byways, flyways and dig new tube-wells, canals, etc.
The people themselves can start doing some new jobs. For example, those students who do not get proper work after passing their examinations can do manual work in factories or on farms. They should find some sources of self-employment.
Industrialists can expand their work and open new factories. Thus they can provide work to many unemployed persons. Landlords can bring new lands under cultivation. Thus they can employ more laborers on their lands.
Employment exchanges in the country can become more useful. All those offices, factories and places of production which want to employ new persons should inform the employment exchanges about it. Then it would be easy for unemployed persons to get jobs through employment exchanges.
Some unemployment in a developing country may not be bad. But the number of   unemployed persons should not be very large.
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Poverty Alleviation

Related topics: Poverty Reduction; Poverty Control; Causes of Poverty

Outline:
1. Introduction: Poverty is a multi-faceted phenomenon.
2. Pakistan is also rendered among the poor countries.
3. Poverty level varies from province to province.
4. Many loopholes in poverty alleviation.           
5. Lack of good governance is a factor of poverty.
6. Changes to be on the micro and macro level.               
7. Conclusion: Good governance to be ensured to alleviate poverty.

Poverty is a multi-faceted phenomenon manifesting itself in a cruel circle of low income, poor education, lack of health facilities, unequal distribution of wealth and poor infrastructure. The goal for human development is to increase human capabilities and the level of choices. This will results in a benign and better environment in which humans are given sovereignty and respect. Due to rapid globalization, the dominant countries not only influence the policy making of poor countries but also exploit them with the tools of tariff and quotas. This widens the gap between the rich and the poor countries of the world.
Pakistan is also rendered among the poor countries. The situation of poverty is deteriorating rapidly. Many factors are responsible for this influx of poverty. The country has been facing political turmoil and shutdowns. People have been elected on the basis of their caste and their pervasive influence on the society, uncountable wealth earned from huge and tremendous corruption. The amendments of different political figures couldn't stabilize the pulse of dying politics. Successive military dictatorship, debacle of Dacca, fragile institutions and lack of political maturity are some of the factors that have aggravated the economy of the country. Today the nation suffers hunger, lack of clean water, lack of health care, huge amount of debt burden, unequal distribution of wealth, unemployment, inflation and irrigation with water problems. Nuclear tests of May 28 1998, 9/11 incident of World Trade Center and the war in Afghanistan have all had negative consequences like cancellation of export orders (most from US), suspension of cargo and passenger flight. Another bitter reality is that for past three fiscal years, 2.5 million people added to the rank of unemployment, in this atmosphere of political unrest poverty alleviation is like asking for the moon.
Pakistan has a population of 180 million out of which 40% lives below the poverty level. Funds have been allocated on various projects for the improvement of infrastructure and communications but nothing meaningful has been achieved so far. In Pakistan, the poverty level varies from province to province; NWFP has the highest rural and urban poverty followed by Punjab. Another obstacle in the way of poverty alleviation is that funds are given net for the purpose of poverty alleviation but to obey the foreign donor and to say yes to them.
Poverty alleviation is also disturbed because of the loopholes of ineffective policy making, bureaucracy (red-tapism) and political instability in the system. It is commonly said that the signing of poverty alleviation and growth facilities program for the assistance of 1 billion dollars is also need of the time. In this regard, government hit two birds with one stone, fulfilling the foreign reserve shortage and for poverty alleviation. The reality is that, policies for poverty alleviation and other social developmental programs are half-baked Poverty alleviation and growth facility is a buzzword.
The international godfathers are also insisting on eradicating child labor which is not possible because in countries like Pakistan child labor is indispensable. A child may be the only earning hand of his family. Eradicating child labor means increasing level of poverty and unemployment. Lack of good governance is also a factor, which has been contributing in increasing poverty.
Therefore, it is important to bring changes on the micro and macro level. Easy access to education, health and food should be given to the poor. If Pakistan is able to create an abiding peace with its neighbors, it can become a favorite destination of direct finance investment (DFI) and if this happens it will reduce the poverty and social deprivation.
To eradicate poverty from its roots, we have to fight against corruption, improve governance, ensure transparent use of funds, and improve the police and judicial system. Greater access and maximum trade is also important for poverty reduction. Government should take honest, practical and firm steps in this regard and it should deal the problem of poverty with iron hand, so we switch towards prosperity and insure better future for our coming generations.
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