Articles by "Information Technology"
Twitter Facebook

 In the vast landscape of the internet, encountering bullies is an unfortunate reality for many. From hurtful comments on social media to malicious messages in chat rooms, cyberbullies utilize various online platforms to spread negativity and target their victims. However, dealing with an online bully doesn't have to ruin your day. In this article, we'll explore the different techniques used by cyberbullies, delve into the psychology behind their behavior, and provide practical strategies for safeguarding yourself against their harmful actions.


Understanding Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying encompasses a range of behaviors aimed at causing harm or distress to individuals through digital communication channels. Unlike traditional bullying, which may occur face-to-face, cyberbullying takes place in the virtual realm, making it accessible to a wider audience and often intensifying its impact. Common forms of cyberbullying include:

  1. Harassment: Persistent and unwelcome communication, such as derogatory comments, threats, or insults, directed at the victim.
  2. Exclusion: Deliberately excluding someone from online groups, chats, or activities, causing feelings of isolation and alienation.
  3. Impersonation: Creating fake profiles or impersonating the victim to spread false information or tarnish their reputation.
  4. Cyberstalking: Obsessive monitoring or tracking of someone's online activity, often accompanied by intrusive or threatening behavior.
  5. Public Shaming: Sharing embarrassing or private information about the victim publicly, leading to humiliation and social ostracization.

The Psychology of Cyberbullies

Understanding the motivations and mindset of cyberbullies is crucial in addressing their behavior effectively. While each bully is unique, several underlying factors may contribute to their actions:
  1. Harassment: Persistent and unwelcome communication, such as derogatory comments, threats, or insults, directed at the victim.
  2. Exclusion: Deliberately excluding someone from online groups, chats, or activities, causing feelings of isolation and alienation.
  3. Impersonation: Creating fake profiles or impersonating the victim to spread false information or tarnish their reputation.
  4. Cyberstalking: Obsessive monitoring or tracking of someone's online activity, often accompanied by intrusive or threatening behavior.
  5. Public Shaming: Sharing embarrassing or private information about the victim publicly, leading to humiliation and social ostracization.

Strategies for Dealing with Cyberbullies

While confronting cyberbullying can be daunting, there are proactive steps you can take to protect yourself and mitigate its impact. Here are some strategies to consider:
  1. Stay Calm: Remember that the bully's goal is to provoke a reaction. By remaining calm and composed, you deprive them of the satisfaction they seek.
  2. Document Evidence: Keep records of any harassing messages, screenshots, or other evidence of cyberbullying. This documentation may be useful if you decide to report the bully to the relevant authorities or platform administrators.
  3. Block and Report: Most social media platforms and online forums offer tools for blocking and reporting abusive users. Don't hesitate to use these features to prevent further contact and alert site moderators to the bully's behavior.
  4. Reach Out for Support: Don't suffer in silence. Confide in a trusted friend, family member, or counselor about what you're experiencing. Seeking support can help alleviate feelings of isolation and provide guidance on how to address the situation.
  5. Practice Digital Detox: If cyberbullying is taking a toll on your mental health, consider taking a break from social media or other online platforms. Disconnecting temporarily can provide much-needed respite and perspective.

Conclusion

Dealing with cyberbullies requires resilience, resourcefulness, and a commitment to prioritizing your well-being in the digital age. By understanding the tactics employed by bullies, recognizing the psychological factors driving their behavior, and implementing effective strategies for self-defense, you can navigate the online world with confidence and resilience. Remember, you are not alone, and there are resources and support networks available to help you confront and overcome cyberbullying. Stay safe, stay empowered, and remember that you have the power to control your online experience.


Twitter Facebook

In the vast landscape of technology, few advancements have captured the imagination of humanity quite like artificial intelligence (AI). Are computers becoming as smart as we are? It's a question that resonates deeply in the era of rapid technological evolution. While they might not possess consciousness or self-awareness, computers are increasingly capable of performing tasks once exclusively attributed to human intelligence. From learning from experience to problem-solving and language comprehension, AI has permeated various facets of our lives, reshaping how we work, communicate, and interact with the world around us.


The concept of AI is not a novel one; its roots can be traced back to the mid-20th century. In 1950, British mathematician Alan Turing laid the groundwork for modern AI when he pondered the possibility of computers thinking. Turing's seminal paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," explored the question, "Can machines think?" This foundational inquiry not only sparked interest but also ignited a journey toward realizing the potential of artificial intelligence.

Fast forward to the present day, and narrow AI is ubiquitous. From predictive text algorithms on smartphones to sophisticated chatbots and photo filters, AI has seamlessly integrated into our daily lives. Much of this AI prowess is attributed to machine learning, a subset of AI that enables computers to learn from data and improve over time without explicit programming. This paradigm shift in computing hinges on the iterative process of training models with vast amounts of data, allowing them to discern patterns and make informed decisions.

At the heart of modern AI lies artificial neural networks, which draw inspiration from the complex network of neurons in the human brain. These neural networks comprise interconnected nodes, or "neurons," organized into layers that process and analyze information. Through a process known as deep learning, these networks can unravel intricate patterns in data, enabling tasks such as image recognition, natural language processing, and even autonomous driving.

However, the rapid advancement of AI is not without its challenges and ethical considerations. As AI technologies proliferate, concerns about their reliability, fairness, and potential misuse have come to the forefront. Large language models, such as GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) models, while impressive in their linguistic capabilities, are not immune to biases and inaccuracies inherent in the data they are trained on. Moreover, the rise of deepfake technology, fueled by AI, has raised alarms about the manipulation of digital content for malicious purposes, ranging from misinformation to identity theft.

As we navigate this brave new world of artificial intelligence, it's imperative to approach it with caution and foresight. Ethical frameworks and regulatory measures must be established to mitigate the risks associated with AI deployment. Transparency and accountability should be paramount, ensuring that AI systems are designed and utilized responsibly. Moreover, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between technologists, ethicists, policymakers, and stakeholders is essential to address the multifaceted challenges posed by AI.

Education also plays a pivotal role in shaping our interaction with AI. Promoting digital literacy and critical thinking skills can empower individuals to discern fact from fiction in an increasingly AI-driven world. By demystifying AI and fostering a deeper understanding of its capabilities and limitations, we can harness its potential for societal benefit while mitigating its inherent risks.

In conclusion, the evolution of artificial intelligence from Alan Turing's visionary insights to the modern era represents a remarkable journey of innovation and discovery. While computers may not yet possess human-like intelligence, their ability to learn, adapt, and interact with the world around us heralds a new era of technological possibility. As we stand on the cusp of this transformative paradigm shift, let us embrace the opportunities afforded by AI while remaining vigilant stewards of its responsible development and deployment. Pressing "play" on the future of artificial intelligence beckons us to navigate this uncharted territory with wisdom, foresight, and a commitment to shaping a better tomorrow.

Twitter Facebook

This is an alphabetical list of Web Building Glossary Terms.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Access (Microsoft Access)
A database system developed by Microsoft. Part of Microsoft Office Professional. Mostly used on low traffic web sites running on the Windows platform.

ActiveMovie
A web technology for streaming movies from a web server to a web client. Developed by Microsoft.

ActiveX
A programming interface (API) that allows web browsers to download and execute Windows programs. (See also Plug-In)

Address
See Web Address.

Anchor
In web terms: The starting point or ending point of a hyperlink.
Learn more about links in our HTML tutorial

Anonymous FTP
See FTP Server.

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
An organization that creates standards for the computer industry. Responsible for the ANSI C standard.

ANSI C
An international standard for the C programming language.

ADO (ActiveX Data Object)
A Microsoft technology that provides data access to any kind of data store.
Learn more about ADO in our ADO tutorial

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
A special type of DSL line where the upload speed is different from the download speed.

Amaya
An open source web browser editor from W3C, used to push leading-edge ideas in browser design.

Animation
A set of pictures simulating movement when played in series.

Anti-Virus Program
A computer program made to discover and destroy all types of computer viruses.

Apache
An open source web server. Mostly for Unix, Linux and Solaris platforms.

Applet
See web applet.

Archie
A computer program to locate files on public FTP servers.

API (Application Programming Interface)
An interface for letting a program communicate with another program. In web terms: An interface for letting web browsers or web servers communicate with other programs. (See also Active-X and Plug-In)

ARPAnet
The experimental network tested in the 1970's which started the development of the Internet.

Authentication
In web terms: the method used to verify the identity of a user, program or computer on the web.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)



A set of 128 alphanumeric and special control characters used for computer storing and printing of text. Used by HTML when transmitting data over the web.
See the full list of ASCII codes in our HTML Reference

ASF (Advanced Streaming Format)
A multimedia streaming format. Developed by Microsoft for Windows Media.

ASP (Active Server Pages)
A Microsoft technology allowing the insertion of server executable scripts in web pages.
Learn more about ASP in our ASP tutorial

ASX (ASF Streaming Redirector)
An XML format for storing information about ASF files. Developed by Microsoft for Windows Media.

AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
File format for video files. Video compression technology developed by Microsoft.

Banner Ad
A (most often graphic) advertisement placed on a web page, which acts as a hyperlink to an advertiser's web site.

Bandwidth
A measure for the speed (amount of data) you can send through an Internet connection. The more bandwidth, the faster the connection.

Baud
The number of symbols per second sent over a channel.

BBS (Bulletin Board System)
A web based public system for sharing discussions, files, and announcements.

Binary Data
Data in machine readable form.

Bit (Binary Digit)
The smallest unit of data stored in a computer. A bit can have the value of 0 or 1. A computer uses 8 bits to store one text character.

BMP (Bitmap)
A format for storing images.

Bookmark
In web terms: A link to a particular web site, stored (bookmarked) by a web user for future use and easy access.

Browse
Term to describe a user's movement across the web, moving from page to page via hyperlinks, using a web browser. (See Web Browser).

BPS (Bits Per Second)
Term to describe the transmission speed for data over the web.

Browser
See Web Browser.

Byte (Binary Term)
A computer storage unit containing 8 bits. Each byte can store one text character.

C
An advanced programming language used for programming advanced computer applications.

C++ (C Plus Plus)
The same as C with added object-oriented functions.

C# (C Sharp)
A Microsoft version of C++ with added Java-like functions.

Case Sensitive
A term used to describe if it is of importance to use upper or lower case letters.

Cache
In web terms: A web browser or web server feature which stores copies of web pages on a computer's hard disk.

Chat
An on-line text-based communication between Internet users.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
A set of rules that describes how a CGI program communicates with a web server.

CGI Bin
The folder (or directory) on a web server that stores CGI programs.

CGI Program
A small program that handles input and output from a web server. Often CGI programs are used for handling forms input or database queries.

Cinepac
A codec for computer video.

Client
See Web Client.

Client/Server
In web terms: The communication and separation of workload between a web client and a web server.

Click
In web terms: A mouse click on a hyperlink element (such as text or picture) on a web page which creates an event such as taking a visitor to another web page or another part of the same page.

Clickthrough Rate
The number of times visitors click on a hyperlink (or advertisement) on a page, as a percentage of the number of times the page has been displayed.

Codec (Compressor / Decompressor)
Common term for the technology used for compressing and decompressing data.

Communication Protocol
A standard (language and a set of rules) to allow computers to interact in a standard way. Examples are IP, FTP, and HTTP.
Learn more about Communication Protocols in our TCP/IP tutorial

Compression
A method of reducing the size (compress) of web documents or graphics for faster delivery via the web.

Computer Virus
A computer program that can harm a computer by displaying messages, deleting files, or even destroying the computer's operating system.

Cookie
Information from a web server, stored on your computer by your web browser. The purpose of a cookie is to provide information about your visit to the website for use by the server during a later visit.

ColdFusion
Web development software for most platforms (Linux, Unix, Solaris and Windows).

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
A W3C recommended language for defining style (such as font, size, color, spacing, etc.) for web documents.
Learn more about CSS in our CSS tutorial

Database
Data stored in a computer in such a way that a computer program can easily retrieve and manipulate the data.
Learn more about databases in our SQL tutorial

Database System
A computer program (like MS Access, Oracle, and MySQL) for manipulating data in a database.

DB2
A database system from IBM. Mostly for Unix and Solaris platforms.

DBA (Data Base Administrator)
The person (or the software) who administers a database. Typical task are: backup, maintenance and implementation.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
An Internet standard protocol that assigns new IP addresses to users as need.

DHTML (Dynamic HTML)
A term commonly to describe HTML content that can change dynamically.
Learn more about DHTML in our DHTML tutorial

Dial-up Connection
In web terms: A connection to Internet via telephone and modem.

Discussion Group
See Newsgroup.

DNS (Domain Name Service)
A computer program running on a web server, translating domain names into IP addresses. Learn more about DNS in our Web Hosting tutorial

DNS Server
A web server running DNS.

DOM (Document Object Model)
A programming model for web page objects. (See HTML DOM and XML DOM)

Domain Name
The name that identifies a web site. (like: W3Schools.com)
Learn more about domains in our Web Hosting tutorial

DOS (Disk Operating System)
A general disk based computer operating system (see OS). Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM personal computers. Often used as a shorthand for MS-DOS.

Download
To transfer a file from a remote computer to a local computer. In web terms: to transfer a file from a web server to a web client. (see also Upload).

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
An Internet connection over regular telephone lines, but much faster. Speed may vary from 128 kilobit per second, up to 9 megabit per second.

DTD (Document Type Definition)
A set of rules (a language) for defining the legal building blocks of a web document like HTML or XML.
Learn more about DTD in our DTD tutorial

Dynamic IP
An IP address that changes each time you connect to the Internet. (See DHCP and Static IP).

E-mail (Electronic Mail)Messages sent from one person to another via the Internet.

E-mail Address
The address used for sending e-mails to a person or an organization. Typical format is username@hostname.

E-mail Server
A web server dedicated to the task of serving e-mail.

Encryption
To convert data from its original form to a form that can only be read by someone that can reverse the encryption. The purpose of encryption is to prevent unauthorized reading of the data.

Error
See Web Server Error.

Ethernet
A type of local area network (see LAN).

Firewall
Software that acts as a security filter that can restrict types of network communication. Most often used between an individual computer (or a LAN) and the Internet.

Flash
A vector-based multimedia format developed by Macromedia for use on the web.
Learn more about Flash in our Flash tutorial

Form
See HTML Form.

Forum
In web terms: The same as Newsgroup.

Frame
In web terms: A part of the browser screen displaying a particular content. Frames are often used to display content from different web pages.

FrontPage
Web development software for the Windows platform. Developed by Microsoft.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
One of the most common methods for sending files between two computers.

FTP Server
A web server you can logon to, and download files from (or upload files to). Anonymous FTP is a method for downloading files from an FTP server without using a logon account.

Gateway
A computer program for transferring (and reformatting) data between incompatible applications or networks.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
A compressed format for storing images developed by CompuServe. One of the most common image formats on the Internet.

GB
Same as Gigabyte. 10GB is ten gigabytes.

Gigabyte
1024 megabytes. Commonly rounded down to one billion bytes.

Graphics
In web terms graphics describe pictures (opposite to text).

Graphic Monitor
A display monitor that can display graphics.

Graphic Printer
A printer that can print graphics.

Graphical Banner
See Banner Ad.

Helper application
In web terms: A program helping the browser to display, view, or work with files that the browser cannot handle itself. (See Plug-In).

Hits
The number of times a web object (page or picture) has been viewed or downloaded. (See also Page Hits).

Home Page
The top-level (main) page of a web site. The default page displayed when you visit a web site.

Host
See Web Host.

Hosting
See Web Hosting.

Hotlink
See Hyperlink.

Trojan Horse
Computer program hidden in another computer program with the purpose of destroying software or collecting information about the use of the computer.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML is the language of the web. HTML is a set of tags that are used to define the content, layout and the formatting of the web document. Web browsers use the HTML tags to define how to display the text.
Learn more about HTML in our HTML tutorial

HTML Document
A document written in HTML.

HTML DOM (HTML Document Object Model)
A programming interface for HTML documents.
Learn more about HTML DOM in our HTML DOM tutorial

HTML Editor
A software program for editing HTML pages. With an HTML editor you can add elements like lists, tables, layout, font size, and colors to a HTML document like using a word processor. An HTML editor will display the page being edited exactly the same way it will be displayed on the web (See WYSIWYG).

HTML Form
A form that passes user input back to the server.
Learn more about HTML forms in our HTML tutorial

HTML Page
The same as an HTML Document.

HTML Tags
Code to identify the different parts of a document so that a web browser will know how to display it.
Learn more about HTML tags our HTML tutorial

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
The standard set of rules for sending text files across the Internet. It requires an HTTP client program at one end, and an HTTP server program at the other end.

HTTP Client
A computer program that requests a service from a web server.

HTTP Server
A computer program providing services from a web server.

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)
Same as HTTP but provides secure Internet communication using SSL. (see also SSL)

Hyperlink
A pointer to another document. Most often a pointer to another web page. A hyperlink is a synonym for a hotlink or a link, and sometimes called a hypertext connection to another document or web page.

Hypermedia
An extension to hypertext to include graphics and audio.

Hypertext
Hypertext is text that is cross-linked to other documents in such a way that the reader can read related documents by clicking on a highlighted word or symbol. (see also hyperlink)

IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
A council that makes decisions about Internet standards. (See also W3C).

IE (Internet Explorer)
See Internet Explorer.

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
A subgroup of IAB that focuses on solving technical problems on the Internet.

IIS (Internet Information Server)
A web server for Windows operating systems. Developed by Microsoft.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
A standard communication protocol for retrieving e-mails from an e-mail server. IMAP is much like POP but more advanced.
Learn more about IMAP in our TCP/IP tutorial

Indeo
A codec for computer video developed by Intel.

Internet
A world wide network connecting millions of computers. (See also WWW)

Internet Browser
See Web Browser.

Internet Explorer
A browser by Microsoft. The most commonly used browser today.
Learn more about browsers in our browser section

Internet Server
See Web Server

Intranet
A private (closed) Internet, running inside a LAN (Local Area Network).

IP (Internet Protocol)
See TCP/IP.

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)
A unique number identifying every computer on the Internet (like 197.123.22.240)

IP Number (Internet Protocol Number)
Same as an IP address.

IP Packet
See TCP/IP Packet.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat)An Internet system that enables users to take part in on-line discussions.

IRC Client
A computer program that enables a user to connect to IRC.

IRC Server
An Internet server dedicated to the task of serving IRC connections.

ISAPI (Internet Server API)
Application Programming Interface (See API) for Internet Information Server (See IIS).

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
A telecommunication standard that uses digital transmission to support data communications over regular telephone lines.

ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Someone that provides access to the Internet and web hosting.

Java
A programming language developed by SUN. Mostly for programming web servers and web applets.

Java Applet
See Web Applet.

JavaScript
The most popular scripting language on the internet, developed by Netscape.
Learn more about JavaScript in our JavaScript tutorial.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)
The organization that promotes the JPG and JPEG graphic formats for storing compressed images.

JPEG and JPG
Graphic formats for storing compressed images.

JScript
Microsoft's version of JavaScript.

JSP (Java Server Pages)
A Java based technology allowing the insertion of server executable scripts in web pages. Mostly used on Linux, Unix and Solaris platforms.

K
Same as kilobyte 10K is ten kilobytes..

KB
Same as kilobyte 10KB is ten kilobytes..

Keyword
In web terms: A word used by a search engine to search for relevant web information.
In database terms: A word (or index) used to identify a database record.

Kilobyte
1024 bytes. Often called 1K, and rounded down to 1000 bytes.

LAN (Local Area Network)
A network between computers in a local area (like inside a building), usually connected via local cables. See also WAN.

Link
The same as a hyperlink.

Linux
Open source computer operating system based on Unix. Mostly used on servers and web servers.

Mail
In web terms: the same as e-mail.

Mail Server
See e-mail server.

MB
Same as Megabyte. 10MB is ten megabytes.

Megabyte
1024 kilobytes. Commonly rounded down to one million bytes.

Meta Data
Data that describes other data. (See also Meta Tags).

Meta Search
The method of searching for meta data in documents.

Meta Tags
Tags inserted into documents to describe the document.
Learn more about meta tags in our HTML tutorial

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
A standard protocol for communication between computers and musical instruments.
Learn more about MIDI in our Media tutorial

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
An Internet standard for defining document types. MIME type examples: text/plain, text/html, image/gif, image/jpg.
Learn more about MIME types in our Media tutorial

MIME Types
Document types defined by MIME.

Modem
Hardware equipment to connect a computer to a telephone network Typically used to connect to the Internet via a telephone line.

Mosaic
The first commonly available web browser. Mosaic was released in 1993 and started the popularity of the web.

MOV
A codec for computer video developed by Apple. Common file extension for QuickTime multimedia files.

MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3)
An audio compression format specially designed for easy download over the Internet.

MP3 File
An file containing audio compressed with MP3. Most often a music track.

MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group)
An ISO standard codec for computer audio and video.

MPG
Common file extension for MPEG files.

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
A general disk based computer operating system (See OS). Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM computers, then developed by Microsoft as a basis for the first versions of Windows.

Multimedia
In web terms: A presentation combining text with pictures, video, or sound.

MySQL
Free open source database software often used on the web.

NetBEUI (Net Bios Extended User Interface)
An enhanced version of NetBIOS.

NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System)
An application programming interface (API) with functions for local-area networks (LAN). Used by DOS and Windows.

Navigate
In web terms: The same as Browse.

Netscape
The browser from the company Netscape. The most popular browser for many years. Today IE has the lead.
Learn more about browsers in our browser section

Newsgroup
An on-line discussion group (a section on a news server) dedicated to a particular subject of interest.

News Reader
A computer program that enables you to read (and post messages) from an Internet newsgroup.

News Server
An Internet server dedicated to the task of serving Internet newsgroups.

Node
In web terms: A computer connected to the Internet, most often used to describe a web server.

Opera
The browser from the company Opera.
Learn more about browsers in our browser section

OS (Operating System)
The software that manages the basic operating of a computer.

Packet
See TCP/IP Packet.

Page Hits
The number of times a web page has been visited by a user.

Page Impressions
The same as Page Hits.

Page Views
The same as Page Hits.

PDF (Portable Document Format)
A document file format developed by Adobe. Most often used for text documents.

Perl (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language)
A scripting language for web servers. Most often used on Unix servers.

PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)
A technology allowing the insertion of server executable scripts in web pages. Mostly for Unix, Linux and Solaris platforms.
Learn more about PHP in our PHP tutorial.

Ping
A method used to check the communication between two computers. A "ping" is sent to a remote computer to see if it responds.

Platform
In web terms: The computer's operating system like Windows, Linux, or OS X.

Plug-In
An application built into another application. In web terms: A program built in (or added) to a web browser to handle a special type of data like e-mail, sound, or movie files. (See also ActiveX)

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
A format for encoding a picture pixel by pixel and sending it over the web. A W3C recommendation for replacing GIF.

POP (Post Office Protocol)
A standard communication protocol for retrieving e-mails from an e-mail server. (See also IMAP).
Learn more about POP and IMAP in our TCP/IP tutorial

Port
A number that identifies a computer IO (input/output) channel. In web terms: A number that identifies the I/O channel used by an Internet application (A web server normally uses port 80).

Protocol
See Communication Protocol.

PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
A communication protocol used for direct connection between two computers.

Proxy Server
An Internet server dedicated to improve Internet performance.

Router
A hardware (or software) system that directs (routes) data transfer to different computers in a network.

QuickTime
A multimedia file format created by Apple.
Learn more about QuickTime in our Media tutorial

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
A standard for connecting multiple disks to the same server for higher security, speed and performance. Often used on web servers.

RDF (Resource Description Framework)
A framework for constructing languages for describing web resources.
Learn more about RDF in our RDF tutorial

Real Audio
A common multimedia audio format created by Real Networks.
Learn more about Real Audio in our Media tutorial

Real Video
A common multimedia video format created by Real Networks.
Learn more about Real Video in our Media tutorial

Redirect
In web terms: The action when a web page automatically forwards (redirects) the user to another web page.

RGB (Red Green Blue)
The combination of the three primary colors that can represent a full color spectrum.
Learn more about RGB in our HTML tutorial

Robot
See Web Robot.

Schema
See XML Schema.

Script
A collection of statements written in a Scripting Language.

Scripting Language
In web terms: A simple programming language that can be executed by a web browser or a web server. See JavaScript and VBScript.

Scripting
Writing a script.

Shareware
Software that you can try free of charge, and pay a fee to continue to use legally.

Shockwave
A format (technology) developed by Macromedia for embedding multimedia content in web pages.

Search Engine
Computer program used to search and catalog (index) the millions of pages of available information on the web. Common search engines are Google and AltaVista.

Semantic Web
A web of data with a meaning in the sense that computer programs can know enough about the data to process it.

Server
See Web Server.

Server Errors
See Web Server Errors.

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
An international standard for markup languages. The basis for HTML and XML.

SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)



A W3C recommended language for creating multimedia presentations.
Learn more about SMIL in our SMIL tutorial

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
A standard communication protocol for sending e-mail messages between computers.
Learn more about SMTP in our TCP/IP tutorial

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
A standard protocol for letting applications communicate with each other using XML.
Learn more about SOAP in our SOAP tutorial

Solaris
Computer operating system from SUN.

SPAM
In web terms: The action of sending multiple unwelcome messages to a newsgroup or mailing list.

Spider
See Web Spider.

Spoofing
Addressing a web page or an e-mail with a false referrer. Like sending an e-mail from a false address.

Spyware
Computer software hidden in a computer with the purpose of collecting information about the use of the computer.

SQL (Structured Query Language)
An ANSI standard computer language for accessing and manipulating databases.
Learn more about SQL in our SQL tutorial.

SQL Server
A database system from Microsoft. Mostly used on high traffic web sites running on the Windows platform.

SSI (Server Side Include)
A type of HTML comment inserted into a web page to instruct the web server to generate dynamic content. The most common use is to include standard header or footer for the page.

SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
Software to secure and protect web site communication using encrypted transmission of data.

Static IP (address)
An IP address that is the same each time connect to the Internet. (See also Dynamic IP).

Streaming
A method of sending audio and video files over the Internet in such a way that the user can view the file while it is being transferred.

Streaming Format
The format used for files being streamed over the Internet. (See Windows Media, Real Video and QuickTime).

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
A W3C recommended language for defining graphics in XML.
Learn more about SVG in our SVG tutorial

Tag
In web terms: Notifications or commands written into a web document. (See HTML Tags)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
See TCP/IP.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
A collection of Internet communication protocols between two computers. The TCP protocol is responsible for an error free connection between two computers, while the IP protocol is responsible for the data packets sent over the network.
Learn more about TCP/IP in our TCP/IP tutorial

TCP/IP Address
See IP Address.

TCP/IP Packet
A "packet" of data sent over a TCP/IP network. (data sent over the Internet is broken down into small "packets" from 40 to 32000 bytes long).

UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration)



A platform-independent framework for describing services, discovering businesses, and integrating business services using the Internet.
Learn more about UDDI in our WSDL tutorial

Unix
Computer operating system, developed by Bell Laboratories. Mostly used for servers and web servers.

UNZIP
To uncompress a ZIPPED file. See ZIP.

Upload
To transfer a file from a local computer to a remote computer. In web terms: to transfer a file from a web client to a web server. (see also Download).

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
Term used to identify resources on the internet. URL is one type of an URI.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
A web address. The standard way to address web documents (pages) on the Internet (like: http://www.w3schools.com/)

USENET
A world wide news system accessible over the Internet. (See Newsgroups)

User Agent
The same as a Web Browser.

VB (Visual Basic)
See Visual Basic.

VBScript
A scripting language from Microsoft. VBScript is the default scripting language in ASP. Can also be used to program Internet Explorer.
Learn more about VBScript in our VBScript tutorial.

Virus
Same as Computer Virus.

Visit
In web terms: A visit to a web site. Commonly used to describe the activity for one visitor of a web site.

Visitor
In web terms: A visitor of a web site. Commonly used to describe a person visiting (viewing) a web site.

Visual Basic
A programming language from Microsoft.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A private network between two remote sites, over a secure encrypted virtual Internet connection (a tunnel).

VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)
A programming language to allow 3D effects to be added to HTML documents.

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
The organization responsible for managing standards for the WWW.
Learn more about W3C in our W3C tutorial

WAN (Wide Area Network)
Computers connected together in a wide network, larger than a LAN, usually connected via phone lines. See also LAN.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
A leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones.
Learn more about WAP in our WAP tutorial

Web Address
The same as an URL or URI. See URL.

Web Applet
A program that can be downloaded over the web and run on the user's computer. Most often written in Java.

Web Client
A software program used to access web pages. Sometimes the same as a Web Browser, but often used as a broader term.

Web Browser
A software program used to display web pages.
Learn more about browsers in our Browser section

Web Document
A document formatted for distribution over the web. Most often a web document is formatted in a markup language like HTML or XML.

Web Error
See Web Server Error.

Web Form
See HTML Form.

Web Host
A web server that "hosts" web services like providing web site space to companies or individuals.

Web Hosting
The action of providing web host services.

Web Page
A document (normally an HTML file) designed to be distributed over the Web.

Web Robot
See Web Spider.

Web Server
A server is a computer that delivers services or information to other computers. In web terms: A server that delivers web content to web browsers.

Web Server Error
A message from a web server indicating an error. The most common web server error is "404 File Not Found".
Learn more about web server error messages in our HTML tutorial

Web Services
Software components and applications running on web servers. The server provides these services to other computers, browsers or individuals, using standard communication protocols.

Web Site
A collection of related web pages belonging to a company or an individual.

Web Spider
A computer program that searches the Internet for web pages. Common web spiders are the one used by search engines like Google and AltaVista to index the web. Web spiders are also called web robots or wanderers.

Web Wanderer
See Web Spider.

Wildcard
A character used to substitute any character(s). Most often used as an asterix (*) in search tools.

Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows 95/98, Windows XP
Computer operating systems from Microsoft.

Windows Media
Audio and video formats for the Internet, developed by Microsoft. (See ASF, ASX, WMA and WMF).
Learn more about Windows Media in our Media tutorial

WINZIP
A computer program for compressing and decompressing files. See ZIP.

WMA
Audio file format for the Internet, developed by Microsoft. (See also WMV).
Learn more about media formats in our Media tutorial.

WMV
Video file format for the Internet, developed by Microsoft. (See also WMA).
Learn more about media formats in our Media tutorial




WML (Wireless Markup Language)A standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones, inherited from HTML, but based on XML, and much stricter than HTML.
Learn more about WML in our WAP tutorial

WML Script
Scripting language (programming language) for WML.
Learn more about WMLScript in our WMLScript tutorial

Worm
A computer virus that can make copies of itself and spread to other computers over the Internet.

WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
An XML-based language for describing Web services and how to access them.
Learn more about WSDL in our WSDL tutorial

WWW (World Wide Web)
A global network of computers using the internet to exchange web documents. (See also Internet)

WWW Server
The same as a Web Server.

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
In Web terms: To display a web page being edited exactly the same way it will be displayed on the web.

XForms
A future version of HTML Forms, based on XML and XHTML. Differs from HTML forms by separating data definition and data display. Providing richer and more device independent user input.
Learn more about XForms in our XForms tutorial

XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML reformulated as XML. XHTML is the latest version of HTML. Developed by W3C.
Learn more about XHTML in our XHTML tutorial

XPath
XPath is a set of syntax rules (language) for defining parts of an XML document. XPath is a major part of the W3C XSL standard.
Learn more about XPath in our XPath tutorial

XQuery
XQuery is a set of syntax rules (language) for extracting information from XML documents. XQuery builds on XPath. XQuery is developed by W3C.
Learn more about XQuery in our XQuery tutorial

XML (Extensible Markup Language)
A simplified version of SGML especially designed for web documents, developed by the W3C.
Learn more about XML in our XML tutorial

XML Document
A document written in XML.

XML DOM (XML Document Object Model)
A programming interface for XML documents developed by W3C.
Learn more about XML DOM in our XML DOM tutorial

XML Schema
A document that describes, in a formal way, the syntax elements and parameters of a web language. Designed by W3C to replace DTD.
Learn more about Schema in our XML Schema tutorial

XSD (XML Schema Definition)
The same as XML Schema.

XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language)
A suite of XML languages developed by W3C, including XSLT, XSL-FO and XPath.
Learn more about XSL in our XSL tutorial

XSL-FO (XSL Formatting Objects)
An XML language for formatting XML documents. A part of XSL developed by W3C.
Learn more about XSL-FO in our XSL-FO tutorial

XSLT (XSL Transformations)
An XML language for transforming XML documents. A part of XSL developed by W3C.
Learn more about XSLT in our XSLT tutorial

ZIP
A compressing format for computer files. Commonly used for compressing files before downloading over the Internet. ZIP files can be compressed (ZIPPED) and decompressed (UNZIPPED) using a computer program like WINZIP.
Twitter Facebook

Handheld, laptop, and tablet mobile computer devices are now in the hands of nearly one billion people worldwide, a number almost as great as the number of desktop computers. IBM predicts that by 2003 only 20 percent of the new computers it will deploy for use by its employees will be desktop computers; 80 percent will be mobile computer devices. A number of Fortune 500s are issuing high-end PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) and small personal PCs to field sales and service personnel so that they can have the benefits of word processing and Internet access using a device weighing two to 3.5 pounds. Several major universities are encouraging their faculty members to use laptops, rather than desktops. In Japan, personal PCs--which are only now reaching the U.S. market--are outselling both laptops and desktops. The proliferation of mobile computer devices, and the number of places where they can be used, will increase the number of public library patrons who enter library facilities carrying a mobile computing device.

The Mobile Computer Technologies

PDAs

While PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) have been the most popular type of mobile computer device, they have primarily been used for keeping track of schedules, maintaining directories of names and addresses, and accessing e-mail. Only recently have processor speeds and memories increased to the point where it is practical to download, store, and manipulate information from a patron access catalog or a Web site. Given their relatively low cost, typically less than $1,000, librarians can expect that an increasing number of powerful PDAs will be brought into their libraries. Rather than using a desktop or plugging into a jack, there will be a demand for access to a wireless LAN.

Laptops

PDAs will not be the only mobile computer devices to be brought into libraries in increasing numbers. Many college students have since the late 1990s been required by their institutions to purchase laptops, but most users of public libraries have avoided the relatively expensive devices. As laptops become more robust, lighter, and less expensive, they will also be seen more and more in public libraries. Among the recent introductions are laptops with 1.2 GB processors and up to 1.0 GB of RAM from Compaq, Dell, and Gateway. The flat panel screens offer a resolution of 1600 x 1200. They have FireWire connectivity and two USB ports each. There is little that these laptops can't do, yet it weighs in at less than eight pounds and costs less than $2,000 each.

Personal PCs

Personal PCs--a strange name considering that APC@ stands for personal computer--are beginning to reach the U.S. market. They are handheld, but are much more powerful than PDAs, typically at least a 733 MHz processor and 256 Kbps of RAM. A nine-inch screen offers a resolution of 1280 x 600. Despite their power, they weight approximately two pounds and cost less than $1,900 each.

Tablet Computers

Tablet computers may also become a factor, especially because Microsoft is pushing the technology. Tablets offer half the processor speed and memory of a laptop, but the resolution is comparable and the weight is less than half that of a laptop. Most support not only a wireless pen, but also voice recognition. Their main drawbacks are the lack of a keyboard for rapid data entry and the price, which goes as high as $3,000.

Wireless Technology

All of the foregoing devices can be manufactured with an "embedded" wireless networking chip, either 802.11 WiFi or Bluetooth; however, only 11 percent of the devices produced in the first half of 2002 had such a chip. It is estimated that only three percent of devices without an embedded chip have an "attached" chip, one installed after the initial manufacture of the device. The large majority of devices will, therefore, have to have networking chips installed before they can take advantage of a library's wireless network. Recent estimates place the number of locations at which the users of mobile computer devices are able to access a wireless LAN at more than 10,000, including coffee shops, hotels, airports, college campuses, and public libraries-the last still fewer than one hundred.

Related Technologies

Two other mobile technologies which incorporate a computer are e-Book readers and MP3 players. They are more limited in the applications they support; therefore, they may be displaced by multi-function mobile computer technologies.

E-Book Readers

Specialized e-Book readers have been more popular than mobile computer devices for reading e-Books because they have featured larger screens, better resolution, and more suitable software. At less than $200 each, they have also been attractively priced, however, recently introduced models are priced at $300 to $700. Their main drawbacks are that they cannot be used for other applications and the e-Book content is encrypted to the device. The dramatic improvements in PDAs, laptops, and personal PCs, should make them more suitable for the reading of e-Books. A majority of publishers prefer to use PDF to control the way the e-text looks, but the screens of mobile computer devices have not been able to accommodate PDF until very recently. A free downloadable Adobe Acrobat e-Book reader now makes it possible to download e-Books to all except older PDAs.

MP3 Players

While MP3 is known to most people as a technology for playing music, it can also be used to listen to digital audio books. The players are priced at less than $150. A number of digital audio books can be stored on one player. Unlike tapes and CDs, they are rarely damaged because the players have no moving parts. Digital audio books are also easier to store and retrieve than CDs, audiotapes, and audiocassettes. It is possible to access MP3 tracks haphazardly on a player, just like an audio CD, but without the CDs tendency to skip and jump. There is considerable speculation that PDAs will displace MP3 players because few people want to carry around more than one mobile device. Even if they lose popularity with consumers, they may remain attractive to libraries that prefer a dedicated device to a multi-purpose one when making a device that can play digital audio books available to a patron.

The Applications

Increasingly, mobile computer devices offer the same range of capabilities as desktop PCs: database access, including, Web browsing; word processing, email; spreadsheets; etc. The reasons why a library patron might choose to use his/her mobile computer rather than a desktop supplied by the library are:
• No need to wait for a library desktop device to become available
• Familiarity with the personally owned device
• Ability to access information from anywhere in the library, including the stacks
• Ability to download information and incorporate it into existing files
• Speed and ease of taking the information away from the library.

Main Article: Global Science
Atif Pedia © 2016. All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Blogger

Author

MKRdezign

MathJax

Contact Form

Name

Email *

Message *

Powered by Blogger.
Javascript DisablePlease Enable Javascript To See All Widget